Getting to know your humdrum data
Nathaniel Condit-Schultz
July 2022
Source:vignettes/Summary.Rmd
Summary.RmdWelcome to “Getting to know your humdrum data”! This article explains how humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) you an find essential metainformation about your data: how much data is there, and how is it structured? If you don’t understand your data, you won’t be able to do intelligent analyses of it.
This article, like all of our articles, closely parallels information
in humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)’s detailed
code documentation, which can be found in the “Reference” section
of the humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) homepage. You can also
find this information within R, once humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) is loaded, using
?summary.humdrumR.
Know your data
Before any data analysis, you should know your data. What’s in the data? How much data is there? How is it formatted and encoded? Are there errors or ambiguities? How was it sampled? If you can’t answer these questions, you can’t make intelligent or useful scholarly inferences using the data.
After you’ve done your background research and read up on the details of the data you are working with, hopefully answering the questions posed above, there is one more step to do before you really start analysis: inspect (some of) the data. The fact that the humdrum syntax is human readable is one of the great strengths of the humdrum ecosystem! Open some of the data files up in a text-editor, or perhaps drop them into the Verovio Humdrum Viewer. Of course, you can only look at so much data “by eye”—still, its good practice to inspect as much of the data as you can, selecting files at random and skimming through them to see if they look the way you think they should look.
Data summaries
Once your data is read, the next step is to use humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) to get high-level summaries of the content of all the files in your data.
Humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) defines a
number of tools to quickly summarize the structure and content of a
humdrum data set. One of the most basic functions in R is
summary(); Calling summary() on a humdrumR object will print a
concise version of the output of humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)’s five summary functions, which
are described in detail below. Let’s load our built-in Bach-chorale
dataset, which we’ll use throughout this article, and call
summary():
setwd(humdrumRroot)
readHumdrum('HumdrumData/BachChorales/chor0.*') -> chorales
summary(chorales)
> Summary of humdrumR corpus "chorales":
>
> ###### Census of GLIMDdSE records:
> Records Tokens (unique) Characters ***
> 2,610 9,486 (520) 34,573 ***
>
>
> (***one column not displayed due to screensize***)
>
> ###### Reference records :
> AGN CDT COM EED EEV EMD OPR OTL@@DE ***
> Any: 20 20 20 20 20 10 2 20 ***
> Sum: 20 20 20 20 20 10 2 20 ***
> Unique: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 ***
>
>
> (seven columns not displayed due to screensize***)
>
> ###### Spine structure:
> 20 files with 4 spines
>
>
> ###### Interpretation content:
> {X} **deg **kern BPM Clef ***
> Hits: 10 10 20 20 ***
>
> (***six columns not displayed due to screensize***)
> Tallies:
> {A} = **deg, **deg, **deg, **deg: 10
> {B} = **kern, **kern, **kern, **kern: 10A lot of information, huh? There rest of this article will walk through this output and the specific functions that generate it.
Summarizing Structure
The most basic information you’ll want about a humdrum dataset is how
“big” it is—how much data is there? Printing a humdrumR object on the
command line will always tell you how many files there are in your data:
you can also call length() to get this number. The
census() function, however, gives us much more detail about
the size of the data, telling us how many records, tokens, and
characters there are:
chorales |> census()
>
> ###### Census of GLIMDdSE records in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty pieces):
> ###### Grouped by twenty Pieces:
> Records Tokens (unique) Characters ***
> chor001_modified.deg 1 [ 1] 134 485 (71) 1566 ***
> chor001.krn 2 [ 2] 133 484 (148) 1910 ***
> chor002_modified.deg 3 [ 3] 125 452 (65) 1478 ***
> chor002.krn 4 [ 4] 124 451 (148) 1897 ***
> chor003_modified.deg 5 [ 5] 111 387 (68) 1606 ***
> chor003.krn 6 [ 6] 110 386 (132) 1867 ***
> chor004_modified.deg 7 [ 7] 104 368 (62) 1384 ***
> chor004.krn 8 [ 8] 103 367 (129) 1711 ***
> chor005_modified.deg 9 [ 9] 173 644 (70) 1696 ***
> chor005.krn 10 [10] 172 643 (159) 2233 ***
> chor006_modified.deg 11 [11] 78 264 (56) 1134 ***
> chor006.krn 12 [12] 77 263 (125) 1313 ***
> chor007_modified.deg 13 [13] 180 672 (89) 1883 ***
> chor007.krn 14 [14] 179 671 (168) 2415 ***
> chor008_modified.deg 15 [15] 172 640 (69) 1743 ***
> chor008.krn 16 [16] 171 639 (165) 2298 ***
> chor009_modified.deg 17 [17] 132 480 (65) 1498 ***
> chor009.krn 18 [18] 131 479 (167) 1923 ***
> chor010_modified.deg 19 [19] 101 356 (64) 1419 ***
> chor010.krn 20 [20] 100 355 (133) 1599 ***
> Records Tokens (unique) Characters ***
> ###### Totals:
> 2,610 9,486 (520) 34,573 ***
>
> ###### Census of GLIMDdSE records in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty pieces):
>
> (***one column not displayed due to screensize***)The corpus contains, in total, 9,486 in 2,610. The
(unique) column tells us how many unique
Tokens there are per file (and overall, at the bottom). The
(per token) column indicates the average number of
characters in each file, and overall.
Notice that
census()defaults to counting all records/tokens. If you want to count only data tokens, specifycensus(chorales, dataTypes = 'D').
Spines and Interpretations
To work with humdrum data, you really need to know how many
spines (and spine paths) are present in the data,
and what interpretations are present. The spines() and
interpretations() functions give us just this
information!
spines(chorales)
>
> ###### Spine structure in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty piecess):
> Spines + Paths In *^ *v
> ########################################################
> chor001_modified.deg [ 1] 4 0
> chor001.krn [ 2] 4 0
> chor002_modified.deg [ 3] 4 0
> chor002.krn [ 4] 4 0
> chor003_modified.deg [ 5] 4 0
> chor003.krn [ 6] 4 0
> chor004_modified.deg [ 7] 4 0
> chor004.krn [ 8] 4 0
> chor005_modified.deg [ 9] 4 0
> chor005.krn [10] 4 0
> chor006_modified.deg [11] 4 0
> chor006.krn [12] 4 0
> chor007_modified.deg [13] 4 0
> chor007.krn [14] 4 0
> chor008_modified.deg [15] 4 0
> chor008.krn [16] 4 0
> chor009_modified.deg [17] 4 0
> chor009.krn [18] 4 0
> chor010_modified.deg [19] 4 0
> chor010.krn [20] 4 0
> ########################################################
> Spines + Paths In *^ *v
>
> Tallies:
> 20 files with 4 spines
>
> ###### Spine structure in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty piecess):
interpretations(chorales)
>
> ###### Interpretation content in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty pieces):
> {X} **deg **kern BPM Clef ***
> (Total.Unique.Spines)
> chor001_modified.deg [ 1] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor001.krn [ 2] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor002_modified.deg [ 3] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor002.krn [ 4] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor003_modified.deg [ 5] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor003.krn [ 6] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor004_modified.deg [ 7] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor004.krn [ 8] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor005_modified.deg [ 9] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor005.krn [10] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor006_modified.deg [11] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor006.krn [12] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor007_modified.deg [13] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor007.krn [14] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor008_modified.deg [15] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor008.krn [16] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor009_modified.deg [17] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor009.krn [18] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor010_modified.deg [19] {A} 4 0 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> chor010.krn [20] {B} 0 4 4.1.4 4.3.4 ***
> (Total.Unique.Spines)
> ###### Totals:
> {X} **deg **kern BPM Clef ***
> Hits: 10 10 20 20 ***
>
> (***six columns not displayed due to screensize***)
> Tallies:
> {A} = **deg, **deg, **deg, **deg: 10
> {B} = **kern, **kern, **kern, **kern: 10
>
> ###### Interpretation content in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty pieces):For this toy dataset of 10 chorales, the output of
spines() is pretty boring: all the chorales have four
spines, with no spine paths. The interpretations() output
is also boring, as we see that all 10 files have four
**kern exclusive interpretations; However,
interpretations() also tells about the tandem
interpretations it recognizes—in this case, tempo, key, instrument, and
time signature information.
The chorales dataset is structurally homogeneous, which
is generally a good thing—it’s much easier to analyze this sort
of data! However, some humdrum datasets are more heterogeneous, which is
where spines() and interpretations() come more
in handy. Let’s switch over to another one of our pre-packaged corpora,
the Beethoven/Mozart variations (see the read/write):
readHumdrum(humdrumRroot, 'HumdrumData/.*Variations/.*.krn') -> variations
spines(variations)
>
> ###### Spine structure in humdrumR corpus "variations" (twenty piecess):
> Spines + Paths In *^ *v
> #####################################################
> B075_00_01_a.krn [ 1] 4 0
> B075_00_02_a.krn [ 2] 4 0
> B075_00_03_a.krn [ 3] 4 2 2 2 2
> B075_00_04_a.krn [ 4] 4 1 1 1 1
> B075_00_05_a.krn [ 5] 4 0
> B075_00_06_a.krn [ 6] 4 0
> B075_01_01_a.krn [ 7] 4 0
> B075_01_02_a.krn [ 8] 4 0
> B075_01_03_a.krn [ 9] 4 1 1 2 2
> B075_01_04_a.krn [10] 4 0
> B075_01_05_a.krn [11] 4 0
> B075_01_06_a.krn [12] 4 0
> M354_00_01a_a.krn [13] 4 1 1 1 1
> M354_00_02b_a.krn [14] 4 1 1 1 1
> M354_00_03c_a.krn [15] 4 2 2 3 3
> M354_00_04d_a.krn [16] 4 1 1 1 1
> M354_01_01a_a.krn [17] 4 1 1 1 1
> M354_01_02b_a.krn [18] 4 1 1 1 1
> M354_01_03c_a.krn [19] 4 1 1 1 1
> M354_01_04d_a.krn [20] 4 1 1 2 2
> #####################################################
> Spines + Paths In *^ *v
>
> Tallies:
> 20 files with 4 spines (9 with 0 paths, 9 with 1 path, and 2 with 2 paths)
>
> ###### Spine structure in humdrumR corpus "variations" (twenty piecess):Now we see something more interesting. Again, all the files have four
spines, but eleven of the files include spine paths
("9 with 1 path" and "2 with 2 paths").
Let’s check out the output of interpretations():
interpretations(variations)
>
> ###### Interpretation content in humdrumR corpus "variations" (twenty pieces):
> {X} **function **harm **kern Clef ***
> (Total.Unique.Spines)
> B075_00_01_a.krn [ 1] {A} 1 1 2 3.2.3 ***
> B075_00_02_a.krn [ 2] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_00_03_a.krn [ 3] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_00_04_a.krn [ 4] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_00_05_a.krn [ 5] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_00_06_a.krn [ 6] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_01_01_a.krn [ 7] {A} 1 1 2 3.2.3 ***
> B075_01_02_a.krn [ 8] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_01_03_a.krn [ 9] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_01_04_a.krn [10] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> B075_01_05_a.krn [11] {A} 1 1 2 2.1.2 ***
> B075_01_06_a.krn [12] {A} 1 1 2 4.2.4 ***
> M354_00_01a_a.krn [13] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> M354_00_02b_a.krn [14] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> M354_00_03c_a.krn [15] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> M354_00_04d_a.krn [16] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> M354_01_01a_a.krn [17] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> M354_01_02b_a.krn [18] {A} 1 1 2 2.2.2 ***
> M354_01_03c_a.krn [19] {A} 1 1 2 5.2.5 ***
> M354_01_04d_a.krn [20] {A} 1 1 2 3.2.3 ***
> (Total.Unique.Spines)
> ###### Totals:
> {X} **function **harm **kern Clef ***
> Hits: 20 20 20 20 ***
>
> (***three columns not displayed due to screensize***)
> Tallies:
> {A} = **function, **harm, **kern, **kern: 20
>
> ###### Interpretation content in humdrumR corpus "variations" (twenty pieces):Ah, this time we see that each file has a **function and
a **harm spine, as well as two **kern spines.
In fact, the “Tallies” at the bottom tells us that all 20 files have the
same exclusive interpretations (in the same order), which humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) labels {A}:
**function, **harm, **kern, **kern.
Summarizing Metadata
Another question to ask about a dataset is what kind of meta data is
encoded in the data’s reference records. The function
reference() answers this question for us:
reference(chorales)
>
> ###### Reference records in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty pieces):
> ###### By piece:
> AGN CDT COM EED EEV EMD OPR OTL@@DE ***
> chor001_modified.deg [ 1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor001.krn [ 2] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor002_modified.deg [ 3] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor002.krn [ 4] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor003_modified.deg [ 5] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ***
> chor003.krn [ 6] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 ***
> chor004_modified.deg [ 7] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor004.krn [ 8] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor005_modified.deg [ 9] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor005.krn [10] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor006_modified.deg [11] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor006.krn [12] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor007_modified.deg [13] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor007.krn [14] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor008_modified.deg [15] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor008.krn [16] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor009_modified.deg [17] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor009.krn [18] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> chor010_modified.deg [19] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ***
> chor010.krn [20] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ***
> AGN CDT COM EED EEV EMD OPR OTL@@DE ***
>
> ###### Totals:
> Any: 20 20 20 20 20 10 2 20 ***
> Sum: 20 20 20 20 20 10 2 20 ***
> Unique: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 ***
>
> ###### Reference records in humdrumR corpus "chorales" (twenty pieces):
>
> (seven columns not displayed due to screensize***)We see that all ten chorale files have, for example COM
and CDT reference records, but only two have the
OTL@@EN record. Not sure what those codes mean? You can
also call reference() on a character-string
for a reference code:
reference('COM')
>
> (Authorship Information)
>
> !!!COM = Composer's name
>
> Examples:
> x!!COM: Chopin, Fryderyk; Chopin, Frederick
> x!!COM1: Composer, A.
> x!!COM2: Composer, B.To see the actual reference records themselves, you can index the
result of the call to reference() by column or row. For
example, to see all the ODT@@DE records:
reference(chorales)[ , 'OTL@@DE']
>
> ###### Reference records in humdrumR corpus "chorales[, j]" (twenty pieces):
> ###### By piece:
> OTL@@DE
> chor001_modified.deg [ 1] Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> chor001.krn [ 2] Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> chor002_modified.deg [ 3] Ich dank dir, lieber Herre
> chor002.krn [ 4] Ich dank dir, lieber Herre
> chor003_modified.deg [ 5] Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein
> chor003.krn [ 6] Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein
> chor004_modified.deg [ 7] Es ist das Heil uns kommen her
> chor004.krn [ 8] Es ist das Heil uns kommen her
> chor005_modified.deg [ 9] An Wasserflüssen Babylon
> chor005.krn [10] An Wasserflüssen Babylon
> chor006_modified.deg [11] Christus, der ist mein Leben
> chor006.krn [12] Christus, der ist mein Leben
> chor007_modified.deg [13] Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren
> chor007.krn [14] Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren
> chor008_modified.deg [15] Freuet euch, ihr Christen alle
> chor008.krn [16] Freuet euch, ihr Christen alle
> chor009_modified.deg [17] Ermuntre dich, mein schwacher Geist
> chor009.krn [18] Ermuntre dich, mein schwacher Geist
> chor010_modified.deg [19] Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir
> chor010.krn [20] Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir
> OTL@@DE
>
> ###### Totals:
> Any: 20
> Sum: 20
> Unique: 10
>
> ###### Reference records in humdrumR corpus "chorales[, j]" (twenty pieces):Or to see all the reference records for the third file:
reference(chorales)[3, ]
>
> ###### Reference records in humdrumR corpus "chorales[i]" (one piece):
> chor002_modified.deg [3]
> AGN: chorale
> CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> EEV: 2009/05/22
> EMD: Edited in humdrumR 0.7.0.7 on 2024-10-20
> OTL@@DE: Ich dank dir, lieber Herre
> PC#: 2
> SCT: BWV 347
> SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> YOR: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian Bach, ; 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, ; c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 Four-Part ; Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1940).
> hum2abc: -Q ''
> title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}Summarizing Data
The next thing to do, when getting started with a humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) data analysis, is too get a
sense of the data content itself. What tokens does our data
actually contain? R’s unique(), count(), and
sort() functions are perfect for this. We’ll need to use
the some techniques from the Data Fields article, so review that if
you don’t understand the following!
Let’s get the unique values, sorted:
chorales |>
with(unique(Token)) |>
sort()
> [1] "[2d" "[2e" "[4a" "[4A" "[4B" "[4c" "[4d"
> [8] "[4e" "[4E" "[4f" "[4f#" "[4g" "[4G" "[8cJ"
> [15] "[8CJ" "[8gJ" "1" "1+" "16AL" "16B-Jk" "16b-XJJ"
> [22] "16BBJJ" "16BJJ" "16C#L" "16c#LL" "16ccL" "16ccLL" "16d#JJ"
> [29] "16ddJJ" "16dJJ" "16EJJ" "16eL" "16F#L" "1e;" "2"
> [36] "2-" "2.a;" "2.A;" "2.AA;" "2.b" "2.b;" "2.B;"
> [43] "2.BB;" "2.c;" "2.C#" "2.c#;" "2.d" "2.d;" "2.e"
> [50] "2.e;" "2.ee" "2.f;" "2.f#;" "2.FF;" "2.g;" "2.GG;"
> [57] "2+" "2a" "2A" "2a-;" "2A-;" "2a;" "2A;"
> [64] "2AA-;" "2AA;" "2b" "2B" "2b-;" "2b;" "2B;"
> [71] "2BB" "2BB-;" "2BB;" "2c" "2C" "2c;" "2C;"
> [78] "2c#" "2c#;" "2cc" "2cc#" "2cc#;" "2d" "2D"
> [85] "2d-;" "2d;" "2D;" "2d#" "2D#" "2d#;" "2dd"
> [92] "2DnX" "2e" "2E" "2e-;" "2e;" "2E;" "2E#"
> [99] "2EE;" "2f;" "2f#" "2F#" "2f#;" "2F#;" "2FF;"
> [106] "2FF#;" "2g" "2G" "2g;" "2G;" "2g#" "2G#"
> [113] "2g#;" "2G#;" "2G#X;" "2GG;" "3" "3-" "4"
> [120] "4.a" "4.a-" "4.b" "4.B" "4.b-" "4.BB" "4.c"
> [127] "4.cc#" "4.d" "4.dd" "4.e" "4.e-" "4.ee" "4.f"
> [134] "4.f#" "4.g" "4+" "4a" "4A" "4a-" "4A-"
> [141] "4a-;" "4A-;" "4a-X" "4a;" "4A;" "4a#" "4A#"
> [148] "4AA" "4AA-" "4AA-;" "4AA;" "4AA#" "4anX" "4b"
> [155] "4B" "4b-" "4B-" "4B-X" "4b;" "4B;" "4B]"
> [162] "4BB" "4BB-" "4BB;" "4c" "4C" "4c;" "4C;"
> [169] "4c]" "4c#" "4C#" "4c#;" "4C#;" "4cc" "4cc;"
> [176] "4cc#" "4ccnX" "4CnX" "4d" "4D" "4d-" "4D-"
> [183] "4d;" "4D;" "4d]" "4d#" "4D#" "4d#;" "4dd"
> [190] "4DD" "4dd-" "4dd;" "4dd#" "4dnX" "4DnX" "4e"
> [197] "4E" "4e-" "4E-" "4e-;" "4e;" "4E;" "4e]"
> [204] "4E]" "4e#" "4E#" "4e#;" "4E#X" "4ee" "4EE"
> [211] "4ee-" "4ee-X" "4ee;" "4EE;" "4enX" "4EnX" "4f"
> [218] "4F" "4f;" "4F;" "4f#" "4F#" "4f#;" "4F#;"
> [225] "4F#X" "4F#X;" "4ff" "4FF" "4ff;" "4FF;" "4ff#"
> [232] "4FF#" "4g" "4G" "4g-" "4g;" "4G;" "4g]"
> [239] "4G]" "4g#" "4G#" "4g#;" "4G#;" "4G#X" "4G#X;"
> [246] "4gg" "4GG" "4GG;" "4GG#" "4gnX" "4GnX" "4r"
> [253] "4ry" "5" "5+" "6" "6-" "7" "7-"
> [260] "8.cL" "8a" "8A" "8a-" "8A-" "8a-J" "8A-J"
> [267] "8a-L" "8A-L" "8a-XJ" "8A#" "8a#J" "8A#J" "8AA"
> [274] "8AA-" "8AAJ" "8AAL" "8aJ" "8AJ" "8aL" "8AL"
> [281] "8aL]" "8AL]" "8AnXL" "8b" "8b-" "8B-" "8b-J"
> [288] "8B-J" "8b-L" "8BB" "8BB-J" "8BB-L" "8BBJ" "8BBL"
> [295] "8bJ" "8BJ" "8bL" "8BL" "8c" "8C" "8C#"
> [302] "8c#J" "8C#J" "8c#L" "8C#L" "8c#XJ" "8cc" "8cc#J"
> [309] "8cc#L" "8ccJ" "8ccL" "8cJ" "8CJ" "8cL" "8CL"
> [316] "8cL]" "8CL]" "8cnXJ" "8d" "8D" "8d-" "8D-"
> [323] "8D-J" "8D-L" "8d-XJ" "8d#J" "8D#J" "8d#L" "8D#L"
> [330] "8dd" "8dd#J" "8ddJ" "8ddL" "8dJ" "8DJ" "8dL"
> [337] "8DL" "8dL]" "8dnJ" "8e" "8E" "8E-" "8e-J"
> [344] "8E-J" "8e-L" "8E-L" "8EEJ" "8eeL" "8EEL" "8eJ"
> [351] "8EJ" "8eL" "8EL" "8eL]" "8EL]" "8f" "8F"
> [358] "8f#" "8F#" "8f#J" "8F#J" "8f#L" "8F#L" "8f#L]"
> [365] "8F#XJ" "8f#XL" "8FF#J" "8FFL" "8fJ" "8FJ" "8fL"
> [372] "8FL" "8fL]" "8FnXL" "8g" "8G" "8g#" "8G#"
> [379] "8g#J" "8G#J" "8g#L" "8G#L" "8g#XJ" "8GG" "8GGJ"
> [386] "8GGL" "8gJ" "8GJ" "8gL" "8GL" "8gL]" "8GL]"
> [393] "8gnXL" "8GnXL"Unlike unique(), count() will count each
unique value, and we can then sort to see the most common tokens:
chorales |>
with(count(Token)) |>
sort()
> humdrumR count distribution
> Rank Token n
> 1 5 447
> 2 1 446
> 3 2 330
> 4 3 249
> 5 4 249
> 6 6 217
> 7 7 188
> 8 4e 103
> 9 3- 97
> 10 4a 90
> 11 7- 88
> 12 4b 81
> 13 4g 66
> 14 4A 58
> 15 4B 56
> 16 4d 53
> 17 6- 51
> 18 4f 50
> 19 4c 49
> 20 4cc 48
> 21 4f# 47
> 22 4E 43
> 23 4+ 36
> 24 8eL 35
> 25 4g# 34
> 26 4G 33
> 27 4D 30
> 28 4F# 30
> 29 4dd 29
> 30 4cc# 28
> 31 4c# 27
> 32 8f#J 26
> 33 4BB 25
> 34 8dL 24
> 35 4C 23
> 36 4G# 21
> 37 4AA 20
> 38 4ee 20
> 39 8eJ 20
> 40 4C# 19
> 41 8dJ 19
> 42 8BL 18
> 43 1+ 17
> 44 2a 17
> 45 8AJ 17
> 46 8GL 17
> 47 4b- 16
> 48 4GG 15
> 49 4a- 15
> 50 8BJ 15
> 51 8DJ 15
> 52 8EL 15
> 53 8aJ 15
> 54 8cJ 15
> 55 4e; 14
> 56 8CL 14
> 57 8F#J 14
> 58 8bL 14
> 59 8cL 14
> 60 8gJ 14
> 61 8gL 14
> 62 2e 13
> 63 4F 12
> 64 8AL 12
> 65 8f#L 12
> 66 8bJ 11
> 67 2A 10
> 68 2b 10
> 69 2f# 10
> 70 4B- 10
> 71 5+ 10
> 72 8aL 10
> 73 2a; 9
> 74 2e; 9
> 75 4B; 9
> 76 4b; 9
> 77 4d# 9
> 78 4d- 9
> 79 2B; 8
> 80 2dd 8
> 81 4D# 8
> 82 4a; 8
> 83 4c; 8
> 84 4d; 8
> 85 4g; 8
> 86 8CJ 8
> 87 8GJ 8
> 88 2g 7
> 89 4BB- 7
> 90 4E; 7
> 91 4dd- 7
> 92 4e- 7
> 93 8AAJ 7
> 94 8EJ 7
> 95 8F#L 7
> 96 8G#J 7
> 97 8ccJ 7
> 98 8ccL 7
> 99 8g#J 7
> 100 2c; 6
> 101 2d 6
> 102 2d; 6
> 103 4E- 6
> 104 4ff 6
> 105 8B-J 6
> 106 8BB-J 6
> 107 8BBJ 6
> 108 8D- 6
> 109 8DL 6
> 110 8E- 6
> 111 8FL 6
> 112 8e 6
> 113 2D 5
> 114 2D; 5
> 115 2E; 5
> 116 2c# 5
> 117 2f#; 5
> 118 4.g 5
> 119 4AA; 5
> 120 4GG; 5
> 121 4g#; 5
> 122 8A 5
> 123 8C 5
> 124 8FJ 5
> 125 8a 5
> 126 8c#L 5
> 127 8d 5
> 128 8d#J 5
> 129 8fL 5
> 130 8g#L 5
> 131 2AA; 4
> 132 2E 4
> 133 2F# 4
> 134 2G#; 4
> 135 2f; 4
> 136 2g# 4
> 137 4A- 4
> 138 4D- 4
> 139 4D; 4
> 140 4a# 4
> 141 4f#; 4
> 142 4r 4
> 143 4ry 4
> 144 8AAL 4
> 145 8BBL 4
> 146 8C#L 4
> 147 8D-J 4
> 148 8E-L 4
> 149 8F 4
> 150 8G 4
> 151 8G# 4
> 152 8a-L 4
> 153 8ddL 4
> 154 8fJ 4
> 155 8g# 4
> 156 [4g 4
> 157 2- 3
> 158 2FF; 3
> 159 2b; 3
> 160 2c#; 3
> 161 2cc 3
> 162 2cc# 3
> 163 2g; 3
> 164 4.B 3
> 165 4.f 3
> 166 4A; 3
> 167 4BB; 3
> 168 4FF 3
> 169 4G#; 3
> 170 4G; 3
> 171 4cc; 3
> 172 4d#; 3
> 173 4dd# 3
> 174 4e# 3
> 175 4ee- 3
> 176 8AA 3
> 177 8BB 3
> 178 8BB-L 3
> 179 8D 3
> 180 8F# 3
> 181 8G#L 3
> 182 8c#J 3
> 183 8f 3
> 184 8g 3
> 185 8gL] 3
> 186 16dJJ 2
> 187 16eL 2
> 188 2.d; 2
> 189 2A-; 2
> 190 2A; 2
> 191 2B 2
> 192 2BB 2
> 193 2GG; 2
> 194 4.BB 2
> 195 4.a 2
> 196 4.b 2
> 197 4.b- 2
> 198 4A# 2
> 199 4A-; 2
> 200 4AA- 2
> 201 4C; 2
> 202 4E# 2
> 203 4EE 2
> 204 4EE; 2
> 205 4F#; 2
> 206 4F; 2
> 207 4FF# 2
> 208 4GG# 2
> 209 4a-; 2
> 210 4c#; 2
> 211 4dd; 2
> 212 4dnX 2
> 213 4e-; 2
> 214 4f; 2
> 215 4g] 2
> 216 8A# 2
> 217 8AL] 2
> 218 8C# 2
> 219 8C#J 2
> 220 8D#L 2
> 221 8D-L 2
> 222 8E 2
> 223 8FF#J 2
> 224 8FFL 2
> 225 8GG 2
> 226 8GGJ 2
> 227 8GGL 2
> 228 8a- 2
> 229 8a-J 2
> 230 8b 2
> 231 8b-L 2
> 232 8cc 2
> 233 8cc#J 2
> 234 8cc#L 2
> 235 8ddJ 2
> 236 8eL] 2
> 237 8eeL 2
> 238 8f# 2
> 239 8gnXL 2
> 240 [4A 2
> 241 [4E 2
> 242 [4G 2
> 243 [4e 2
> 244 16AL 1
> 245 16B-Jk 1
> 246 16BBJJ 1
> 247 16BJJ 1
> 248 16C#L 1
> 249 16EJJ 1
> 250 16F#L 1
> 251 16b-XJJ 1
> 252 16c#LL 1
> 253 16ccL 1
> 254 16ccLL 1
> 255 16d#JJ 1
> 256 16ddJJ 1
> 257 1e; 1
> 258 2+ 1
> 259 2.A; 1
> 260 2.AA; 1
> 261 2.B; 1
> 262 2.BB; 1
> 263 2.C# 1
> 264 2.FF; 1
> 265 2.GG; 1
> 266 2.a; 1
> 267 2.b 1
> 268 2.b; 1
> 269 2.c#; 1
> 270 2.c; 1
> 271 2.d 1
> 272 2.e 1
> 273 2.e; 1
> 274 2.ee 1
> 275 2.f#; 1
> 276 2.f; 1
> 277 2.g; 1
> 278 2AA-; 1
> 279 2BB-; 1
> 280 2BB; 1
> 281 2C 1
> 282 2C; 1
> 283 2D# 1
> 284 2DnX 1
> 285 2E# 1
> 286 2EE; 1
> 287 2F#; 1
> 288 2FF#; 1
> 289 2G 1
> 290 2G# 1
> 291 2G#X; 1
> 292 2G; 1
> 293 2a-; 1
> 294 2b-; 1
> 295 2c 1
> 296 2cc#; 1
> 297 2d# 1
> 298 2d#; 1
> 299 2d-; 1
> 300 2e-; 1
> 301 2g#; 1
> 302 4.a- 1
> 303 4.c 1
> 304 4.cc# 1
> 305 4.d 1
> 306 4.dd 1
> 307 4.e 1
> 308 4.e- 1
> 309 4.ee 1
> 310 4.f# 1
> 311 4AA# 1
> 312 4AA-; 1
> 313 4B-X 1
> 314 4B] 1
> 315 4C#; 1
> 316 4CnX 1
> 317 4DD 1
> 318 4DnX 1
> 319 4E#X 1
> 320 4E] 1
> 321 4EnX 1
> 322 4F#X 1
> 323 4F#X; 1
> 324 4FF; 1
> 325 4G#X 1
> 326 4G#X; 1
> 327 4G] 1
> 328 4GnX 1
> 329 4a-X 1
> 330 4anX 1
> 331 4c] 1
> 332 4ccnX 1
> 333 4d] 1
> 334 4e#; 1
> 335 4e] 1
> 336 4ee-X 1
> 337 4ee; 1
> 338 4enX 1
> 339 4ff# 1
> 340 4ff; 1
> 341 4g- 1
> 342 4gg 1
> 343 4gnX 1
> 344 8.cL 1
> 345 8A#J 1
> 346 8A- 1
> 347 8A-J 1
> 348 8A-L 1
> 349 8AA- 1
> 350 8AnXL 1
> 351 8B- 1
> 352 8CL] 1
> 353 8D#J 1
> 354 8E-J 1
> 355 8EEJ 1
> 356 8EEL 1
> 357 8EL] 1
> 358 8F#XJ 1
> 359 8FnXL 1
> 360 8GL] 1
> 361 8GnXL 1
> 362 8a#J 1
> 363 8a-XJ 1
> 364 8aL] 1
> 365 8b- 1
> 366 8b-J 1
> 367 8c 1
> 368 8c#XJ 1
> 369 8cL] 1
> 370 8cnXJ 1
> 371 8d#L 1
> 372 8d- 1
> 373 8d-XJ 1
> 374 8dL] 1
> 375 8dd 1
> 376 8dd#J 1
> 377 8dnJ 1
> 378 8e-J 1
> 379 8e-L 1
> 380 8f#L] 1
> 381 8f#XL 1
> 382 8fL] 1
> 383 8g#XJ 1
> 384 [2d 1
> 385 [2e 1
> 386 [4B 1
> 387 [4a 1
> 388 [4c 1
> 389 [4d 1
> 390 [4f 1
> 391 [4f# 1
> 392 [8CJ 1
> 393 [8cJ 1
> 394 [8gJ 1
> Rank Token n
> humdrumR count distributionNow we get a sense of the content of our dataset—in this case, there are a lot of different (unique) tokens!
Digging into Details
At this point we’re starting to get a better picture of the content of our dataset. But don’t get too hasty—it’s a good idea to dig in a little more before we get confident we really know our data.
Our call to interpretations() told us to expect
**kern data, representing musical “notes” (pitch and
rhythm). So you probably expected to see things like
4. (dotted quarter note) and f# (F sharp above
middle-C). But what is the X is 4dnX? Or the
all the Js and Ls and ;s? We can
look these up in the **kern
definition, but the point is, we probably didn’t know they were
there until we took a look! You might think you know what’s in
your data…and get unpleasantly surprised. This is especially true with
less mature (newer) datasets, which WILL DEFINITELY CONTAIN
ERRORS.
We see a lot of ; tokens in our output. If you look these up,
you’ll learn that they are “pause signs”, used to represent fermatas. But how many
tokens have these fermatas?
Let’s use the %~% operator,
which allows us to search for matches to a (regular expression) pattern
in a vector. In this case, we want to search for ";" in
Token. %~% returns a logical value
(TRUE or FALSE), which we can
sum() to get a count of all the TRUEs:
So there are 256 ; tokens in the data. If we use
within() (or mutate()) instead of
with (and get rid of the sum()), we can see
where these fermatas appear:
chorales |>
within(Token %~% ';')
> #################### vvv chor001_modified.deg vvv ####################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **deg **deg **deg **deg
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 23: FALSE FALSE FALSE .
> 24: . FALSE . .
> 25: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 28: FALSE FALSE . .
> 29: . . . FALSE
> 30: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 31-134::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> #################### ^^^ chor001_modified.deg ^^^ ####################
>
> (eighteen more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 72: . FALSE . .
> 73: FALSE . FALSE FALSE
> 74: . FALSE . .
> 75: TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 78: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 79: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 80: . . FALSE .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 83: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 84: FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> 85: FALSE FALSE . FALSE
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
> 88: FALSE FALSE FALSE .
> 89: TRUE TRUE TRUE .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of twenty pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Token :: character
> *Token %~% ";" :: logicalAh, I see that the fermatas all tend to happen at the same time across the four spines. Good to know!