These functions are the primary means of working with
humdrumR data.
They allow us to perform arbitrary (free form) manipulation of data fields
held within a humdrumR data object, with convenient functionality
for ignoring null data, lagging data, grouping data,
windowing, and more.
The with() and within() functions, which come from base R, are the core functions.
However, the dplyr "verbs" mutate(), summarize(), and reframe() can be used as well---they
are equivalent to using with()/within() with particular arguments.
Usage
# S3 method for humdrumR
with(
data,
...,
dataTypes = "D",
recycle = "no",
alignLeft = TRUE,
expandPaths = FALSE,
drop = TRUE,
.by = NULL,
variables = list()
)
# S3 method for humdrumR
within(
data,
...,
dataTypes = "D",
alignLeft = TRUE,
expandPaths = FALSE,
recycle = "pad",
.by = NULL,
variables = list()
)
# S3 method for humdrumR
mutate(
.data,
...,
dataTypes = "D",
recycle = "ifscalar",
alignLeft = TRUE,
expandPaths = FALSE,
.by = NULL
)
# S3 method for humdrumR
summarise(
.data,
...,
dataTypes = "D",
expandPaths = FALSE,
drop = FALSE,
.by = NULL
)
# S3 method for humdrumR
reframe(
.data,
...,
dataTypes = "D",
alignLeft = TRUE,
expandPaths = FALSE,
recycle = "pad",
.by = NULL
)
# S3 method for humdrumR
ggplot(data = NULL, mapping = aes(), ..., dataTypes = "D")Arguments
- data
HumdrumR data.
Must be a humdrumR data object.
- ...
Any number of expressions to evaluate.
These expressions can reference
fields()in the data by name, as well as variables outside the data.If the expressions are named, the names are used to name the new fields (or column names for
with(..., drop = FALSE).- dataTypes
Which types of humdrum records to include.
Defaults to
"D".Must be a single
characterstring. Legal values are'G', 'L', 'I', 'M', 'D', 'd'or any combination of these (e.g.,"LIM"). (See the humdrum table documentation Fields section for explanation.)- recycle
How should results be "recycled" (or padded) to relative to the input length?
within()andreframe()default to"pad";mutate()defaults to"ifscalar";with()defaults to"no".Must be a single
characterstring. The full list of options are"no","yes","pad","ifscalar","ifeven","never", and"summarize", though not all functions accept all options. See the Parsing expression results section below.- alignLeft
Should output that is shorter than input be aligned to the left?
Defaults to
TRUE.Must be a singleton
logicalvalue: an on/off switch.- expandPaths
Should spine paths be expanded before evaluating expressions?
Defaults to
FALSE.Must be a singleton
logicalvalue: an on/off switch. IfTRUE, theexpandPaths()function is run on the data before evaluating the expressions. After evaluation, the expanded locations are removed from the output.- drop
Whether to return a simplified data structure.
Defaults to
TRUE.Must be a singleton
logicalvalue: an on/off switch.This argument is conceptually similar to the
dropargument in R matrices. Ifdrop = TRUE, the output ofwith()/summarize()is simplified as much as possible (trying to return the "raw" vector, list, table, etc. within it). Ifdrop = FALSE, the result is always a data.table.- .by
Optional grouping fields; an alternative to using group_by().
Defaults to
NULL.Must be
NULL, orcharacterstrings which partially match one or morefields()in thedata.If not
NULL, these fields are used to group the data. If grouping fields have already been set by a call to group_by(), the.byargument overrides them.- variables
A named
listof values, to interpolate into your expressions.Defaults to
list().Must be a named
list. These values are interpolated into the...expression arguments wherever a variable name matches a name from the list.
Overview
These functions are the primary means of working with
humdrumR data.
They all allow you to write code that accesses and manipulates the raw fields()
in our data.
The main differences between them are what they do with the results of your code:
with() and summarize() return results in normal, "raw" R formats, removed
from the humdrumR data;
In contrast, within(), mutate(), and reframe() always insert the results of your code into
new fields() within your humdrum data.
The other distinctions between these functions have to do with how they recycle/pad results (see below).
Expression evaluation
The with(), within(), mutate(), summarize(), and reframe() methods for humdrumR data
all perform "non-standard evalation" of
any expressions you provide them as arguments.
Basically, when you use a function like with(...) or mutate(...), the expressions you write inside
the function call aren't evaluated right then and there---instead, R takes those expressions
into the "environment" of your humdrum table, where
all your fields are "visible" to the expression.
This means you can write code (expressions) that refer to your fields(), like Token or Spine.
For example:
Since all the fields in a humdrum table are the same length, the expressions you write can be, and generally should be, vectorized.
By default, with(), within(), etc. don't use the whole humdrum table,
but instead only evaluate their expressions using rows containing non-null data tokens (Type == "D").
This means that interpretations, comments, barlines, and null data tokens are automatically ignored for you!
This feature is controlled by the dataTypes argument:
you can choose to work with the other token types by providing a character string containing combinations
of the characters G (global comments), L (local comments), I (interpretations),
M (barlines), D (non-null data), or d (null data).
For example, dataTypes = 'MDd' will evaluate your expressions on barline tokens (=), non-null data,
and null data.
See the ditto() manual for an example application of using dataTypes = 'Dd'.
Keep in mind that humdrumR dynamically updates what tokens are considered "null" ("d") based on what fields
are selected.
If multiple expression arguments are provided, each expression is evaluated in order, from left to right. Each expression can refer variables assigned in the previous expression (examples below).
Expression pre-processing
These functions all do some pre-processing of expressions arguments before evaluating them. This pre-processing provides some convenient "syntactic sugar" for working with humdrum data. There are currently five pre-processing steps:
Explicit variable interpolation.
The
.placeholder for selected fields.Automatic argument insertion.
"Lagged"-vectors shorthand.
"Splatted" arguments.
Each of these is explained below.
Explicit variable interpolation
The variable argument can be provided as an (option) list of named values.
If any of the names in the variable list appear as symbols (variable names)
in any expression argument, their value is interpolated in place of that symbol.
For example, in
the variable x will be changed to TRUE, resulting in:
This feature is most useful for programmatic purposes, like if you'd like to run the same expression many times but with slightly different parameters.
The . placeholder
The . variable can be used as a special placeholder representing the data's first
selected field.
For example, in
will run count() on the Token field.
Because new fields created by within()/mutate()/reframe() become the selected fields
(details below), the . makes it easy to refer to the last new field in pipes.
For example, in
the count() function is run on the output of the mutate(kern(Token, simpe = TRUE)) expression.
Automatic argument insertion
Many humdrumR functions are designed to work with certain common fields in humdrumR data.
For example, many pitch functions have a Key argument which (can) take the
content of the Key which readHumdrum() creates when there are key interpretations,
like *G:, in the data.
When an expression argument uses one of these functions, but doesn't explicitly set the argument, humdrumR
will automatically insert the appropriate field into the call (if the field is present).
So, for example, if you run
on a data set that includes a Key field, the expression will be changed to:
If you don't want this to happen, you need to explicitly give a different Key argument, like:
(The Key argument can also be set to NULL).
Another common/important automatic argument insertion is for functions with a groupby argument.
These functions will automatically have appropriate grouping fields inserted into them.
For example, the mint() (melodic intervals) command will automatically by applied using groupby
groupby = list(Piece, Spine, Path), which makes sure that melodic intervals are only calculated within
spine paths...not between pieces/spines/paths (which wouldn't make sense!).
All humdrumR functions which use automatic argument interpolation will mention it in their own documentation.
For example, the ?solfa documentation mentions the treatment of Key in its "Key" section.
Lagged vectors
In music analysis, we very often want to work with "lagged" vectors of data.
For example, we want to look at the relationship between a vector and the previous values of the
same vector---e.g., the vector offset or "lagged" by one index.
The lag() and lead() functions are useful for this,
always keeping them the same length so vectorization is never hindered.
In expression arguments, we can use a convenient shorthand to call lag() (or lead).
In an expression, any vector can be indexed with an integer argument named lag or lead (case insensitive),
causing it to be lagged/led by that integer amount.
(A vector indexed with lag = 0 returns the unchanged vector.)
For example, the following two calls are the same:
This is most useful if the lag/lead index has multiple values:
if the indexed object appears within a higher function call,
each lag is inserted as a separate argument to that call.
Thus, these two calls are also the same:
Note that the lagging will also be automatically grouped within the fields list(Piece, Spine, Path),
which is the default "melodic" structure in most data.
This assures that a vector is "lagged" from one piece to another, or from one spine to the next.
If you'd like to turn this off or change the grouping, you need to override it by adding a
groupby argument to the lagged index, like Token[lag = 1, groupby = list(...)].
Using lagged vectors, since they are vectorized, is the fastest (computationally) and easiest way of working with n-grams.
For example, if you want to create character-string 5-grams of your data, you could call:
Since the lagging is grouped by list(Piece, Spine, Path),
these are true "melodic" n-grams, only created within spine-paths within each piece.
Splatted arguments
"Splatting" refers to feeding a function a list/vector of arguments.
Sometimes we want to divide our data into pieces (a l\'a group_by()), but
rather than applying the same expression to each piece, we want to feed
the separate pieces as separate arguments to the same function.
You can use some
syntactic sugar
to do just this.
We can index any field in our call with a splat argument, which must be a Field %in% x.
For example,
In this call, the Token field will be divided into two groups, one where Spine == 1 and the other where
Spine == 2; the first group (Spine == 1) will be used as the first argument to list, and the second group
(Spine == 2) as the second argument.
Thus, within translates the previous expression to this:
Splatting can be little weird, because there is nothing to assure that the splatted arguments
are all the same length, which we usually want (vectorization).
For example, in the previous example, there is no guarantee that Token[Spine == 1] and Token[Spine == 2] are the same length.
This just means we should only use splatting if we really understand the groups we are splatting.
For example, if there are no spine paths or stops in our data, then we can know that all spines
have the same number of data records, but only including all data records (null and non-null).
So, if I know there are no stops/paths in our data, we can run something like this:
Saving expressions for later
In some cases you may find that there are certain arguments expressions that you use repeatedly.
You can store expressions as variables by "quoting" them: the most common way to
quote an expression in R is using the ~, which creates what is called a
"formula"---essentially a quoted expression.
You can also quote expressions, using quote().
Once you've quoted an expression you can pass it to
with(), within(), mutate(), summarize(), and reframe().
Image that you have three different datasets (humData1, humData2, and humData3),
and you'd like to evaluate the expression count(kern(Token, simple = TRUE)) in all three.
Use the ~ operator to quote and save that expression to variable, then use it with with():
Expanding paths
For data that includes spine paths (which you can check with anyPaths()),
some analyses may require that spine paths are treated as contiguous "melodies."
The expandPaths() function can be used to "expand" spine paths into new spines.
The expandPaths argument to with()/within() will cause expandPaths()
to be run on your data before evaluating your argument expressions.
After evaluation, the expanded parts of the data are then removed from the output.
Parsing expression results
The only differences between the with(), within(), mutate(), summarize(), and reframe() humdrumR methods
are what they do with the results of expressions passed to them.
The major difference is that within(), mutate(), and reframe() put results into new fields
in a humdrumR data, while with() and summarize() just return their results in "normal" R.
The other differences between the functions simply relate to how the recycle and drop arguments are used (details below).
The recycle argument controls how the results of your code are, or aren't, recycled (or padded).
When you write code using your humdrumR data's fields()
as input, your results are inspected to see how long they are compared to the length of the input field(s).
If any of your results are longer than the input, you'll get an error message---humdrumR can't (yet) handle that case.
If any of your results are shorter than the input, the recycle argument controls what happens to that result.
There are seven options:
"no": The result is not recycled or padded. For calls towithin(),mutate, orreframe(), this option is not allowed."yes": the result is recycled, no matter how long it is."pad": the result is padded withNAvalues."ifscalar": if the result is scalar (length 1), it is recycled; otherwise you see an error."ifeven": if the result length evenly divides the input length, it is recycled; otherwise you see an error."never": The result is not recycled. If the result does not match the input length, you see an error."summarize": if the result is not scalar, even if it matches the input length, you see an error. The result is not recycled.
The result of padding/recycling also depends on the alignLeft argument:
If alignLeft = TRUE, results are padded to the right: like c(result, NA, NA, ...);
If alignLeft = FALSE, results are padded on the left: like c(..., NA, NA, results).
Recycling is also affected if the result's length does not evenly divide the input length.
For example, consider a result c(1, 2, 3) which needs to be recycled to length 10:
If alignLeft = TRUE, the result is recycled c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1);
If alignLeft = FALSE, the result is recycled c(3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3).
with() and summarize()
The humdrumR with() and summarize() methods return "normal" R data objects.
The only difference between the with() and summarize() methods is their default drop and recycle arguments:
with(..., drop = TRUE, recycle = 'no')summarize(..., drop = FALSE, recycle = 'summarize')
If drop = TRUE, these methods return whatever your code's result is, with no parsing.
This can be any kind of R data,
including vectors or objects like lm fits
or tables.
If drop = FALSE, the results will instead be returned in a data.table().
If you are working with grouped data,
the drop = FALSE output (data.table) will include all grouping columns as well
as the results of your expressions.
If drop = TRUE and there is only one result per group, the grouping fields will be
used to generate names for the output vector.
within(), mutate(), and reframe().
The humdrumR within(), mutate(), and reframe() methods always return a new humdrumR data object,
with new fields created from your code results.
The only differences between these methods is their default recycle argument and the types of recycle argument they allow:
within(..., recycle = 'pad')Can accept any
recycleoption except"no".
mutate(..., recycle = 'ifscalar')Can only accept
"ifscalar"or"never".
reframe(..., recycle = 'pad')Can only accept
"pad"or"yes".
Creating new humdrumR fields
When running within(), mutate(), or reframe(), new fields() are
added to the output humdrumR data.
These new fields become the selected fields in the output.
You can explicitly name newly created fields (recommended), or allow humdrumR to automatically name them (details below).
When using with(..., drop = FALSE) or summarize(..., drop = FALSE), the column names of the output data.table
are determined in the same way.
Note that within(), mutate(), and reframe() will (attempt to) put any result back into your
humdrumR data...even if it doesn't make much sense.
Things will work well with vectors.
Atomic vectors are usually the best to work with (i.e., numbers, character strings, or logical values),
but lists will work well too---just remember that you'll need to treat those fields as lists
(e.g., you might need to use lapply() or Map() to work with list fields.)
Any non-vector result will be put into a list as well, padded as needed.
For example, if you use lm() to compute a linear-regression in a call to within()
the result will be a new field containing a list, with first element in the
list being a single lm fit object, and the rest of the list empty (padded to the length of the field).
Naming new fields
If you don't explicitly name the code expressions you provide, the new fields are named
by capturing the expression code itself as a character string.
However, it is generally a better idea to explicitly name your new fields.
This can be done in two ways:
Base-R within() style: Use the
<-assignment operator inside your expression.Example:
within(humData, Kern <- kern(Token)).
Tidyverse mutate() style: provide the expression as a named argument with
=.Example:
mutate(humData, Kern = kern(Token)).
Either style can be used with any of the humdrumR methods.
When using <-, only top-level assignment will create a new field, which means only one field can be assigned per expression.
For example,
will create two fields (Semits and Recip).
However,
will not.
The result of expressions grouped by {} is always the last expression in the brackets.
Thus, the last example above will only create one new field, corresponding to the result of recip(Token).
However, the resulting field won't be called Recip!
This is because only top-level assignments are used to name an expression:
To name a multi-expression expression (using {}), you could do something like this:
Of course, only the result of recip(Token) would be saved to Recip,
so the Semits <- semits(Token) expression is doing nothing useful here.
Piped references
All argument expressions passed to the with()/within() methods are evaluated in order, from left to right,
so any assignments in a previous expression will be visible to the next expression.
This means we can, for example, do this:
the use of Kern in the second expression will refer to the Kern assigned in the previous expression.
Evaluating expressions in groups or windows
The with(), within(), mutate(), summarize(), and reframe() functions all
work with grouped data, or data with contextual windows defined.
When groups or windows are defined, all argument expressions are evaluated independently
within each and every group/window.
Results are then processed (including recycling/padding) within each group/window.
Finally, the results are then pieced back together in locations corresponding to the
original data locations.
Since groups are necessarily exhaustive and non-overlapping, the results
location are easy to understand.
On the other hand contextual windows may overlap, which means and non-scalar results
could potentially overlap as well;
in these cases, which result data lands where may be hard to predict.
See also
These functions are most useful in combination with the
subset(), group_by(), and context() commands.
Examples
# with/within style:
humData <- readHumdrum(humdrumRroot, "HumdrumData/BachChorales/chor00[1-4].krn")
#> Finding and reading files...
#> REpath-pattern '/home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpz26RCR/temp_libpatha780af15d1/humdrumR/HumdrumData/BachChorales/chor00[1-4].krn' matches 4 text files in 1 directory.
#> Four files read from disk.
#> Validating four files...
#> all valid.
#> Parsing four files...
#> Assembling corpus...
#> Done!
humData |> with(count(kern(Token, simple = TRUE), Spine))
#> humdrumR count distribution
#> kern(Token, simple = TRUE, Exclusive = Exclusive, Key = Key) Spine n
#> c 1 12
#> c 2 22
#> c 3 .
#> c 4 16
#> c# 1 17
#> c# 2 17
#> c# 3 5
#> c# 4 16
#> d 1 25
#> d 2 42
#> d 3 12
#> d 4 19
#> d# 1 7
#> d# 2 4
#> d# 3 10
#> d# 4 4
#> e- 1 .
#> e- 2 .
#> e- 3 .
#> e- 4 .
#> e 1 43
#> e 2 37
#> e 3 46
#> e 4 16
#> e# 1 1
#> e# 2 .
#> e# 3 1
#> e# 4 .
#> f 1 3
#> f 2 1
#> f 3 3
#> f 4 .
#> f# 1 20
#> f# 2 18
#> f# 3 41
#> f# 4 8
#> g 1 23
#> g 2 4
#> g 3 24
#> g 4 13
#> g# 1 11
#> g# 2 13
#> g# 3 25
#> g# 4 9
#> a- 1 .
#> a- 2 .
#> a- 3 .
#> a- 4 .
#> a 1 29
#> a 2 17
#> a 3 27
#> a 4 33
#> a# 1 1
#> a# 2 3
#> a# 3 3
#> a# 4 2
#> b- 1 .
#> b- 2 1
#> b- 3 .
#> b- 4 .
#> b 1 33
#> b 2 37
#> b 3 15
#> b 4 53
#> kern(Token, simple = TRUE, Exclusive = Exclusive, Key = Key) Spine n
#> humdrumR count distribution
humData |> within(Kern <- kern(Token),
Recip <- recip(Token),
Semits <- semits(Token)) -> humData
humData |>
group_by(Spine) |>
with(mean(Semits))
#> Spine1 Spine2 Spine3 Spine4
#> -9.2844444 0.3425926 5.7500000 10.5661376
humData |>
group_by(Piece, Spine) |>
with(mean(Semits), drop = FALSE)
#> mean(Semits) Piece Spine
#> 1: -12.4126984 1 1
#> 2: 0.2881356 1 2
#> 3: 5.5737705 1 3
#> 4: 10.4347826 1 4
#> 5: -8.1639344 2 1
#> 6: 0.7903226 2 2
#> 7: 6.3818182 2 3
#> 8: 10.7358491 2 4
#> 9: -7.7115385 3 1
#> 10: -0.1200000 3 2
#> 11: 5.6170213 3 3
#> 12: 10.8297872 3 4
#> 13: -8.3265306 4 1
#> 14: 0.3111111 4 2
#> 15: 5.3877551 4 3
#> 16: 10.2093023 4 4
# tidyverse (dplyr) style:
humData <- readHumdrum(humdrumRroot, "HumdrumData/BachChorales/chor00[1-4].krn")
#> Finding and reading files...
#> REpath-pattern '/home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpz26RCR/temp_libpatha780af15d1/humdrumR/HumdrumData/BachChorales/chor00[1-4].krn' matches 4 text files in 1 directory.
#> Four files read from disk.
#> Validating four files...
#> all valid.
#> Parsing four files...
#> Assembling corpus...
#> Done!
humData |> mutate(Kern = kern(Token),
Recip = recip(Token),
Semits = semits(Token)) -> humData
humData |>
group_by(Spine, Bar) |>
summarize(mean(Semits))
#> mean(Semits) Bar Spine
#> 1: -8.00000000 0 1
#> 2: -6.05882353 1 1
#> 3: -9.00000000 2 1
#> 4: -7.71428571 3 1
#> 5: -10.33333333 4 1
#> 6: -12.50000000 5 1
#> 7: -7.19047619 6 1
#> 8: -9.81250000 7 1
#> 9: -8.35294118 8 1
#> 10: -10.64285714 9 1
#> 11: -9.75000000 10 1
#> 12: -11.57142857 11 1
#> 13: -6.44444444 12 1
#> 14: -8.22222222 13 1
#> 15: -15.40000000 14 1
#> 16: -14.50000000 15 1
#> 17: -16.66666667 16 1
#> 18: -13.33333333 17 1
#> 19: -12.50000000 18 1
#> 20: -7.50000000 19 1
#> 21: -6.33333333 20 1
#> 22: -10.00000000 21 1
#> 23: -17.00000000 22 1
#> 24: 2.00000000 0 2
#> 25: 0.38095238 1 2
#> 26: -0.05555556 2 2
#> 27: 0.43750000 3 2
#> 28: -2.30769231 4 2
#> 29: -2.50000000 5 2
#> 30: 0.40000000 6 2
#> 31: 1.14285714 7 2
#> 32: 1.81250000 8 2
#> 33: -0.14285714 9 2
#> 34: -0.63157895 10 2
#> 35: -0.21428571 11 2
#> 36: 1.30000000 12 2
#> 37: 2.44444444 13 2
#> 38: 1.50000000 14 2
#> 39: 1.00000000 15 2
#> 40: 0.25000000 16 2
#> 41: 1.33333333 17 2
#> 42: 0.33333333 18 2
#> 43: 2.00000000 19 2
#> 44: 3.00000000 20 2
#> 45: 2.00000000 21 2
#> 46: -1.00000000 22 2
#> 47: 5.50000000 0 3
#> 48: 6.47058824 1 3
#> 49: 5.18750000 2 3
#> 50: 5.47368421 3 3
#> 51: 3.91666667 4 3
#> 52: 6.00000000 5 3
#> 53: 6.88888889 6 3
#> 54: 6.06250000 7 3
#> 55: 6.47058824 8 3
#> 56: 5.06250000 9 3
#> 57: 4.38888889 10 3
#> 58: 5.00000000 11 3
#> 59: 6.70000000 12 3
#> 60: 8.00000000 13 3
#> 61: 5.33333333 14 3
#> 62: 5.50000000 15 3
#> 63: 7.33333333 16 3
#> 64: 6.50000000 17 3
#> 65: 5.40000000 18 3
#> 66: 6.50000000 19 3
#> 67: 7.33333333 20 3
#> 68: 6.50000000 21 3
#> 69: 2.00000000 22 3
#> 70: 9.50000000 0 4
#> 71: 11.00000000 1 4
#> 72: 10.37500000 2 4
#> 73: 9.42105263 3 4
#> 74: 9.54545455 4 4
#> 75: 12.40000000 5 4
#> 76: 10.56250000 6 4
#> 77: 10.93333333 7 4
#> 78: 11.37500000 8 4
#> 79: 9.46153846 9 4
#> 80: 11.40000000 10 4
#> 81: 9.92307692 11 4
#> 82: 12.83333333 12 4
#> 83: 11.75000000 13 4
#> 84: 10.00000000 14 4
#> 85: 9.00000000 15 4
#> 86: 13.00000000 16 4
#> 87: 10.00000000 17 4
#> 88: 9.00000000 18 4
#> 89: 10.00000000 19 4
#> 90: 13.00000000 20 4
#> 91: 10.00000000 21 4
#> 92: 7.00000000 22 4
#> mean(Semits) Bar Spine
# dataTypes argument
humData |>
group_by(Piece, Spine) |>
within(paste(Token, seq_along(Token)))
#> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
#> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
#> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
#> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
#> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
#> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
#> 6: !!!PC#: 1
#> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
#> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
#> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
#> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
#> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
#> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
#> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
#> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
#> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
#> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
#> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
#> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
#> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
#> 20: 4GG 1 4B 1 4d 1 4g 1
#> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
#> 22: 4G 2 4B 2 4d 2 2g 2
#> 23: 4E 3 8cL 3 4e 3 .
#> 24: . 8BJ 4 . .
#> 25: 4F# 4 4A 5 4d 4 4dd 3
#> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
#> 27: 4G 5 4G 6 2d 5 4.b 4
#> 28: 4D 6 4F# 7 . .
#> 29: . . . 8a 5
#> 30: 4E 7 4G 8 4B 6 4g 6
#> 31: =3 =3 =3 =3
#> 32: 4C 8 8cL 9 8eL 7 4.g 7
#> 33: . 8BJ 10 8d 8 .
#> 34: 8BBL 9 4c 11 8e 9 .
#> 35: 8AAJ 10 . 8f#J 10 8a 8
#> 36: 4GG 11 4d 12 4g 11 4b 9
#> 37: =4 =4 =4 =4
#> 38: 2D; 12 2d; 13 2f#; 12 2a; 10
#> 39: 4GG 13 4d 14 4g 13 4b 11
#> 40: =5 =5 =5 =5
#> 41: 4FF# 14 4A 15 4d 14 2dd 12
#> 42: 4GG 15 4B 16 4e 15 .
#> 43: 4AA 16 4c 17 4f# 16 4cc 13
#> 44: =6 =6 =6 =6
#> 45: 4BB 17 4d 18 2g 17 4b 14
#> 46: 4C 18 4e 19 . 2a 15
#> 47: 4D 19 8dL 20 4f# 18 .
#> 48: . 8cJ 21 . .
#> 49: =7 =7 =7 =7
#> 50: 2GG; 20 2B; 22 2d; 19 2g; 16
#> 51-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
#>
#> (two more pieces...)
#>
#> ######################## vvv chor004.krn vvv #########################
#> 1-53::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> 54: 4E 22 4G# 22 8eL 22 4b 18
#> 55: . . 8f#J 23 .
#> 56: =5 =5 =5 =5
#> 57: 4C# 23 4c# 23 8g#L 24 4ee 19
#> 58: . . 8a#J 25 .
#> 59: 8D#L 24 4F# 24 4b 26 4dd# 20
#> 60: 8EJ 25 . . .
#> 61: 4F# 26 4f# 25 4a# 27 4cc# 21
#> 62: 4B 27 4f# 26 4b 28 4dd# 22
#> 63: =6 =6 =6 =6
#> 64: 8G#L 28 4B 27 4b 29 8eeL 23
#> 65: 8EJ 29 . . 8dd#J 24
#> 66: 4F# 30 4A# 28 4f# 30 4cc# 25
#> 67: 4BB; 31 4d#; 29 4f#; 31 4b; 26
#> 68: 4E 32 4e 30 4g# 32 4b 27
#> 69: =7 =7 =7 =7
#> 70: 4G# 33 4B 31 8eL 33 4ee 28
#> 71: . . 8f#J 34 .
#> 72: 4E 34 4e 32 4g# 35 4b 29
#> 73: 8AnXL 35 4e 33 4a 36 4cc# 30
#> 74: 8BJ 36 . . .
#> 75: 4c# 37 4c# 34 8eL 37 8g#L 31
#> 76: . . 8f#J 38 8aJ 32
#> 77: =8 =8 =8 =8
#> 78: 4E# 38 4d 35 4g# 39 4b 33
#> 79: 4F# 39 4c# 36 4f# 40 4a 34
#> 80: 4C#; 40 4c#; 37 4e#; 41 4g#; 35
#> 81: 4E 41 [4B 38 4e 42 4g# 36
#> 82: =9 =9 =9 =9
#> 83: 4BB 42 4B] 39 4d# 43 4f# 37
#> 84: 8C#L 43 4e 40 4c# 44 4a 38
#> 85: 8D#J 44 . . .
#> 86: 4E 45 4e 41 4B 45 4g# 39
#> 87: 4BB 46 8d#L 42 4B 46 4f# 40
#> 88: . 8BJ 43 . .
#> 89: =10 =10 =10 =10
#> 90: 4AA# 47 2F# 44 4c# 47 4c# 41
#> 91: 4BB 48 . 4B 48 4d# 42
#> 92: 4EE; 49 4G#; 45 4B; 49 4e; 43
#> 93: == == == ==
#> 94: *- *- *- *-
#> 95: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
#> 96: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
#> 97: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Jo***
#> 98: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: B***
#> 99: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint:***
#> 100: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publi***
#> 101: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, p***
#> 102: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
#> 103: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
#> ######################## ^^^ chor004.krn ^^^ #########################
#> (***five global comments truncated due to screen size***)
#>
#> humdrumR corpus of four pieces.
#>
#> Data fields:
#> Kern :: character (**kern tokens)
#> Recip :: character (**recip tokens)
#> Semits :: integer (**semits tokens)
#> Token :: character
#> *paste(Token, seq_along(Token)) :: character
#>
#> Grouping fields: (sixteen groups)
#> Piece :: integer
#> Spine :: integer
#>
humData |>
group_by(Piece, Spine) |>
mutate(Enumerated = paste(Token, seq_along(Token)),
dataTypes = 'Dd')
#> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
#> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
#> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
#> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
#> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
#> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
#> 6: !!!PC#: 1
#> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
#> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
#> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
#> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
#> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
#> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
#> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
#> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
#> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
#> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
#> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
#> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
#> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
#> 20: 4GG 1 4B 1 4d 1 4g 1
#> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
#> 22: 4G 2 4B 2 4d 2 2g 2
#> 23: 4E 3 8cL 3 4e 3 . 3
#> 24: . 4 8BJ 4 . 4 . 4
#> 25: 4F# 5 4A 5 4d 5 4dd 5
#> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
#> 27: 4G 6 4G 6 2d 6 4.b 6
#> 28: 4D 7 4F# 7 . 7 . 7
#> 29: . 8 . 8 . 8 8a 8
#> 30: 4E 9 4G 9 4B 9 4g 9
#> 31: =3 =3 =3 =3
#> 32: 4C 10 8cL 10 8eL 10 4.g 10
#> 33: . 11 8BJ 11 8d 11 . 11
#> 34: 8BBL 12 4c 12 8e 12 . 12
#> 35: 8AAJ 13 . 13 8f#J 13 8a 13
#> 36: 4GG 14 4d 14 4g 14 4b 14
#> 37: =4 =4 =4 =4
#> 38: 2D; 15 2d; 15 2f#; 15 2a; 15
#> 39: 4GG 16 4d 16 4g 16 4b 16
#> 40: =5 =5 =5 =5
#> 41: 4FF# 17 4A 17 4d 17 2dd 17
#> 42: 4GG 18 4B 18 4e 18 . 18
#> 43: 4AA 19 4c 19 4f# 19 4cc 19
#> 44: =6 =6 =6 =6
#> 45: 4BB 20 4d 20 2g 20 4b 20
#> 46: 4C 21 4e 21 . 21 2a 21
#> 47: 4D 22 8dL 22 4f# 22 . 22
#> 48: . 23 8cJ 23 . 23 . 23
#> 49: =7 =7 =7 =7
#> 50: 2GG; 24 2B; 24 2d; 24 2g; 24
#> 51-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
#>
#> (two more pieces...)
#>
#> ######################## vvv chor004.krn vvv #########################
#> 1-53::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> 54: 4E 29 4G# 29 8eL 29 4b 29
#> 55: . 30 . 30 8f#J 30 . 30
#> 56: =5 =5 =5 =5
#> 57: 4C# 31 4c# 31 8g#L 31 4ee 31
#> 58: . 32 . 32 8a#J 32 . 32
#> 59: 8D#L 33 4F# 33 4b 33 4dd# 33
#> 60: 8EJ 34 . 34 . 34 . 34
#> 61: 4F# 35 4f# 35 4a# 35 4cc# 35
#> 62: 4B 36 4f# 36 4b 36 4dd# 36
#> 63: =6 =6 =6 =6
#> 64: 8G#L 37 4B 37 4b 37 8eeL 37
#> 65: 8EJ 38 . 38 . 38 8dd#J 38
#> 66: 4F# 39 4A# 39 4f# 39 4cc# 39
#> 67: 4BB; 40 4d#; 40 4f#; 40 4b; 40
#> 68: 4E 41 4e 41 4g# 41 4b 41
#> 69: =7 =7 =7 =7
#> 70: 4G# 42 4B 42 8eL 42 4ee 42
#> 71: . 43 . 43 8f#J 43 . 43
#> 72: 4E 44 4e 44 4g# 44 4b 44
#> 73: 8AnXL 45 4e 45 4a 45 4cc# 45
#> 74: 8BJ 46 . 46 . 46 . 46
#> 75: 4c# 47 4c# 47 8eL 47 8g#L 47
#> 76: . 48 . 48 8f#J 48 8aJ 48
#> 77: =8 =8 =8 =8
#> 78: 4E# 49 4d 49 4g# 49 4b 49
#> 79: 4F# 50 4c# 50 4f# 50 4a 50
#> 80: 4C#; 51 4c#; 51 4e#; 51 4g#; 51
#> 81: 4E 52 [4B 52 4e 52 4g# 52
#> 82: =9 =9 =9 =9
#> 83: 4BB 53 4B] 53 4d# 53 4f# 53
#> 84: 8C#L 54 4e 54 4c# 54 4a 54
#> 85: 8D#J 55 . 55 . 55 . 55
#> 86: 4E 56 4e 56 4B 56 4g# 56
#> 87: 4BB 57 8d#L 57 4B 57 4f# 57
#> 88: . 58 8BJ 58 . 58 . 58
#> 89: =10 =10 =10 =10
#> 90: 4AA# 59 2F# 59 4c# 59 4c# 59
#> 91: 4BB 60 . 60 4B 60 4d# 60
#> 92: 4EE; 61 4G#; 61 4B; 61 4e; 61
#> 93: == == == ==
#> 94: *- *- *- *-
#> 95: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
#> 96: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
#> 97: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Jo***
#> 98: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: B***
#> 99: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint:***
#> 100: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publi***
#> 101: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, p***
#> 102: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
#> 103: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
#> ######################## ^^^ chor004.krn ^^^ #########################
#> (***five global comments truncated due to screen size***)
#>
#> humdrumR corpus of four pieces.
#>
#> Data fields:
#> *Enumerated :: character
#> Kern :: character (**kern tokens)
#> Recip :: character (**recip tokens)
#> Semits :: integer (**semits tokens)
#> Token :: character
#>
#> Grouping fields: (sixteen groups)
#> Piece :: integer
#> Spine :: integer
#>
# recycle argument
humData |>
group_by(Piece, Bar, Spine) |>
mutate(BarMean = mean(Semits), recycle = 'ifscalar')
#> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv ########################
#> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
#> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
#> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
#> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
#> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
#> 6: !!!PC#: 1
#> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
#> 8: **kern **kern **kern ***
#> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox ***
#> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto ***
#> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto ***
#> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] ***
#> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] ***
#> 14: *>A *>A *>A ***
#> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 ***
#> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] ***
#> 17: *G: *G: *G: ***
#> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 ***
#> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 ***
#> 20: -17 -1 2 ***
#> 21: =1 =1 =1 ***
#> 22: -6.33333333333333 -1.25 2.66666666666667 ***
#> 23: -6.33333333333333 -1.25 2.66666666666667 ***
#> 24: . -1.25 . ***
#> 25: -6.33333333333333 -1.25 2.66666666666667 ***
#> 26: =2 =2 =2 ***
#> 27: -7.66666666666667 -5.33333333333333 0.5 ***
#> 28: -7.66666666666667 -5.33333333333333 . ***
#> 29: . . . ***
#> 30: -7.66666666666667 -5.33333333333333 0.5 ***
#> 31: =3 =3 =3 ***
#> 32: -14.25 0.25 4.6 ***
#> 33: . 0.25 4.6 ***
#> 34: -14.25 0.25 4.6 ***
#> 35: -14.25 . 4.6 ***
#> 36: -14.25 0.25 4.6 ***
#> 37: =4 =4 =4 ***
#> 38: -13.5 2 6.5 ***
#> 39: -13.5 2 6.5 ***
#> 40: =5 =5 =5 ***
#> 41: -16.6666666666667 -1.33333333333333 4 ***
#> 42: -16.6666666666667 -1.33333333333333 4 ***
#> 43: -16.6666666666667 -1.33333333333333 4 ***
#> 44: =6 =6 =6 ***
#> 45: -11.6666666666667 2 6.5 ***
#> 46: -11.6666666666667 2 . ***
#> 47: -11.6666666666667 2 6.5 ***
#> 48: . 2 . ***
#> 49: =7 =7 =7 ***
#> 50: -17 -1 2 ***
#> 51-133:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ ########################
#>
#> (two more pieces...)
#>
#> ######################## vvv chor004.krn vvv ########################
#> 1-53:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> 54: -8 -4 5 ***
#> 55: . . 5 ***
#> 56: =5 =5 =5 ***
#> 57: -7 1.75 10 ***
#> 58: . . 10 ***
#> 59: -7 1.75 10 ***
#> 60: -7 . . ***
#> 61: -7 1.75 10 ***
#> 62: -7 1.75 10 ***
#> 63: =6 =6 =6 ***
#> 64: -7.8 1 7.75 ***
#> 65: -7.8 . . ***
#> 66: -7.8 1 7.75 ***
#> 67: -7.8 1 7.75 ***
#> 68: -7.8 1 7.75 ***
#> 69: =7 =7 =7 ***
#> 70: -3 2 6.16666666666667 ***
#> 71: . . 6.16666666666667 ***
#> 72: -3 2 6.16666666666667 ***
#> 73: -3 2 6.16666666666667 ***
#> 74: -3 . . ***
#> 75: -3 2 6.16666666666667 ***
#> 76: . . 6.16666666666667 ***
#> 77: =8 =8 =8 ***
#> 78: -8 0.75 5.75 ***
#> 79: -8 0.75 5.75 ***
#> 80: -8 0.75 5.75 ***
#> 81: -8 0.75 5.75 ***
#> 82: =9 =9 =9 ***
#> 83: -10.8 1.8 0.5 ***
#> 84: -10.8 1.8 0.5 ***
#> 85: -10.8 . . ***
#> 86: -10.8 1.8 0.5 ***
#> 87: -10.8 1.8 0.5 ***
#> 88: . 1.8 . ***
#> 89: =10 =10 =10 ***
#> 90: -15.6666666666667 -5 -0.333333333333333 ***
#> 91: -15.6666666666667 . -0.333333333333333 ***
#> 92: -15.6666666666667 -5 -0.333333333333333 ***
#> 93: == == == ***
#> 94: *- *- *- ***
#> 95: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
#> 96: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
#> 97: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge v***
#> 98: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipz***
#> 99: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". rep***
#> 100: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music ***
#> 101: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.18***
#> 102: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
#> 103: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
#> ######################## ^^^ chor004.krn ^^^ ########################
#> (***one spine/path not displayed due to screen size***)
#>
#> humdrumR corpus of four pieces.
#>
#> Data fields:
#> *BarMean :: numeric
#> Kern :: character (**kern tokens)
#> Recip :: character (**recip tokens)
#> Semits :: integer (**semits tokens)
#> Token :: character
#>
#> Grouping fields: (248 groups)
#> Bar :: integer
#> Piece :: integer
#> Spine :: integer
#>
humData |>
group_by(Piece, Bar, Spine) |>
within(BarMean = mean(Semits), recycle = 'pad')
#> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv ########################
#> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
#> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
#> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
#> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
#> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
#> 6: !!!PC#: 1
#> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
#> 8: **kern **kern **kern ***
#> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox ***
#> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto ***
#> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto ***
#> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] ***
#> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] ***
#> 14: *>A *>A *>A ***
#> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 ***
#> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] ***
#> 17: *G: *G: *G: ***
#> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 ***
#> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 ***
#> 20: -17 -1 2 ***
#> 21: =1 =1 =1 ***
#> 22: -6.33333333333333 -1.25 2.66666666666667 ***
#> 23: . . . ***
#> 24: . . . ***
#> 25: . . . ***
#> 26: =2 =2 =2 ***
#> 27: -7.66666666666667 -5.33333333333333 0.5 ***
#> 28: . . . ***
#> 29: . . . ***
#> 30: . . . ***
#> 31: =3 =3 =3 ***
#> 32: -14.25 0.25 4.6 ***
#> 33: . . . ***
#> 34: . . . ***
#> 35: . . . ***
#> 36: . . . ***
#> 37: =4 =4 =4 ***
#> 38: -13.5 2 6.5 ***
#> 39: . . . ***
#> 40: =5 =5 =5 ***
#> 41: -16.6666666666667 -1.33333333333333 4 ***
#> 42: . . . ***
#> 43: . . . ***
#> 44: =6 =6 =6 ***
#> 45: -11.6666666666667 2 6.5 ***
#> 46: . . . ***
#> 47: . . . ***
#> 48: . . . ***
#> 49: =7 =7 =7 ***
#> 50: -17 -1 2 ***
#> 51-133:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ ########################
#>
#> (two more pieces...)
#>
#> ######################## vvv chor004.krn vvv ########################
#> 1-53:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
#> 54: -8 -4 5 ***
#> 55: . . . ***
#> 56: =5 =5 =5 ***
#> 57: -7 1.75 10 ***
#> 58: . . . ***
#> 59: . . . ***
#> 60: . . . ***
#> 61: . . . ***
#> 62: . . . ***
#> 63: =6 =6 =6 ***
#> 64: -7.8 1 7.75 ***
#> 65: . . . ***
#> 66: . . . ***
#> 67: . . . ***
#> 68: . . . ***
#> 69: =7 =7 =7 ***
#> 70: -3 2 6.16666666666667 ***
#> 71: . . . ***
#> 72: . . . ***
#> 73: . . . ***
#> 74: . . . ***
#> 75: . . . ***
#> 76: . . . ***
#> 77: =8 =8 =8 ***
#> 78: -8 0.75 5.75 ***
#> 79: . . . ***
#> 80: . . . ***
#> 81: . . . ***
#> 82: =9 =9 =9 ***
#> 83: -10.8 1.8 0.5 ***
#> 84: . . . ***
#> 85: . . . ***
#> 86: . . . ***
#> 87: . . . ***
#> 88: . . . ***
#> 89: =10 =10 =10 ***
#> 90: -15.6666666666667 -5 -0.333333333333333 ***
#> 91: . . . ***
#> 92: . . . ***
#> 93: == == == ***
#> 94: *- *- *- ***
#> 95: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
#> 96: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
#> 97: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge v***
#> 98: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipz***
#> 99: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". rep***
#> 100: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music ***
#> 101: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.18***
#> 102: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
#> 103: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
#> ######################## ^^^ chor004.krn ^^^ ########################
#> (***one spine/path not displayed due to screen size***)
#>
#> humdrumR corpus of four pieces.
#>
#> Data fields:
#> *BarMean :: numeric
#> Kern :: character (**kern tokens)
#> Recip :: character (**recip tokens)
#> Semits :: integer (**semits tokens)
#> Token :: character
#>
#> Grouping fields: (248 groups)
#> Bar :: integer
#> Piece :: integer
#> Spine :: integer
#>