HumdrumR Data Fields
Nathaniel Condit-Schultz
2024-10-20
Source:vignettes/DataFields.Rmd
DataFields.RmdWelcome to “Humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) data fields”! This article explains how humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) encodes different pieces of musical data in the “fields” of a R data.frame. Understanding data fields is essential to making effective use of humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\).
This article, like all of our articles, closely parallels information
in humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)’s detailed
code documentation, which can be found in the “Reference”
section of the humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)
homepage. You can
also find this information within R, once humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) is loaded, using
?fields or ?withinHumdrum.
The HumdrumR Data Model
Humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) bridges with data world of humdrum with the coding and analysis world of R. It does this by mapping between the humdrum data syntax and a R data.frame.
To fully understand any of this, you should start with at least a basic understanding of the humdrum syntax! Read about the syntax at humdrum.org or check out our article on the topic.
This article only covers how humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) handles basic, common humdrum syntax. The humdrum syntax includes a few more complex structures—spine paths and multi-stops (a.k.a., sub-tokens)—which are discussed in our Complex humdrum syntax article.
data.frames
Data.frames are the heart and soul of R. A data.frame is simply a two-dimensional table of named columns. Each column is a vector of values, all of which are the same length.
In humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\), every single token in a collection of humdrum-syntax text files is given its own row in a data.frame, which we call the “humdrum table.” For example, consider this simple, humdrum-syntax file:
> !!!OTL: Example 1
> **kern **kern
> *M4/4 *M4/4
> *C: *C:
> = =
> 2G 4g
> . 4f
> 2C 2e
> == ==
> *- *-
> NULLThis file contains nineteen individual tokens. To illustrate, here
I’ll print the same file, but with each token bracketed by
< and >:
> <!!!OTL: Example 1>
> <**kern> <**kern>
> <*M4/4> <*M4/4>
> <*C:> <*C:>
> <=> <=>
> <2G> <4g>
> <.> <4f>
> <2C> <2e>
> <==> <==>
> <*-> <*->So what happens when humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) reads this file? (This file
is bundled with humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) in the
"humdrumRroot/examples" directory; See the Getting started
article for an explanation.)
example1 <- readHumdrum(humdrumRroot, 'examples/BasicExample.krn')
example1
> ############ vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ############
> 1: !!!OTL: Example 1
> 2: **kern **kern
> 3: *M4/4 *M4/4
> 4: *C: *C:
> 5: = =
> 6: 2G 4g
> 7: . 4f
> 8: 2C 2e
> 9: == ==
> 10: *- *-
> ############ ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ############
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: characterWe see the same thing we saw earlier, when we were reading real
humdrum data from the "HumdrumData" folder. But what’s
under the hood? We can tell humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) that we’d like to see the
underlying humdrum table by explicitly printing the
data, and setting view = "table". Compare the difference
between these two commands:
example1 |> print(view = "humdrum")
> ############ vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ############
> 1: !!!OTL: Example 1
> 2: **kern **kern
> 3: *M4/4 *M4/4
> 4: *C: *C:
> 5: = =
> 6: 2G 4g
> 7: . 4f
> 8: 2C 2e
> 9: == ==
> 10: *- *-
> ############ ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ############
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: character
example1 |> print(view = "table")
> Piece Spine Record Token
> ################### vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ###################
> 1 <NA> 1 !!!OTL: Example 1
> 1 1 2 **kern
> 1 1 3 *M4/4
> 1 1 4 *C:
> 1 1 5 =
> 1 1 6 2G
> 1 1 7 .
> 1 1 8 2C
> 1 1 9 ==
> 1 1 10 *-
> 1 2 2 **kern
> 1 2 3 *M4/4
> 1 2 4 *C:
> 1 2 5 =
> 1 2 6 4g
> 1 2 7 4f
> 1 2 8 2e
> 1 2 9 ==
> 1 2 10 *-
> ################### ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ###################
> Piece Spine Record Token
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: characterWhen we use view = "humdrum", we see the default
humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) view of the
data in humdrum syntax. However, with view = "table", we
are show the underling humdrum table. We can see that there is one row
for each and every token, with different columns indicating
which File, Spine, and Record
each token comes from. In humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\), we refer to the columns of
the humdrum table as fields.
If you get tired of explicitly using print(), you can
change humdrumR’s default print method using the
humdrum() function, the first argument of which is
view.
humdrumR("data.frame")
example1
> Piece Spine Record Token
> ################### vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ###################
> 1 <NA> 1 !!!OTL: Example 1
> 1 1 2 **kern
> 1 1 3 *M4/4
> 1 1 4 *C:
> 1 1 5 =
> 1 1 6 2G
> 1 1 7 .
> 1 1 8 2C
> 1 1 9 ==
> 1 1 10 *-
> 1 2 2 **kern
> 1 2 3 *M4/4
> 1 2 4 *C:
> 1 2 5 =
> 1 2 6 4g
> 1 2 7 4f
> 1 2 8 2e
> 1 2 9 ==
> 1 2 10 *-
> ################### ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ###################
> Piece Spine Record Token
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: character
humdrumR("humdrum")
example1
> ############ vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ############
> 1: !!!OTL: Example 1
> 2: **kern **kern
> 3: *M4/4 *M4/4
> 4: *C: *C:
> 5: = =
> 6: 2G 4g
> 7: . 4f
> 8: 2C 2e
> 9: == ==
> 10: *- *-
> ############ ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ############
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: characterHumdrumR fields
Let’s take a look at our humdrum table again. To avoid typing
print(view = "table") over an over, let’s set the default
view option to table (see the previous
paragraph).
humdrumR(view = "table")
example1
> Piece Spine Record Token
> ################### vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ###################
> 1 <NA> 1 !!!OTL: Example 1
> 1 1 2 **kern
> 1 1 3 *M4/4
> 1 1 4 *C:
> 1 1 5 =
> 1 1 6 2G
> 1 1 7 .
> 1 1 8 2C
> 1 1 9 ==
> 1 1 10 *-
> 1 2 2 **kern
> 1 2 3 *M4/4
> 1 2 4 *C:
> 1 2 5 =
> 1 2 6 4g
> 1 2 7 4f
> 1 2 8 2e
> 1 2 9 ==
> 1 2 10 *-
> ################### ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ###################
> Piece Spine Record Token
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: characterWe see four fields in the table: Piece,
Spine, Record, and Token.
-
Tokenis the primary data field in all humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) data, containing the actual data tokens that originated in the humdrum data files your read. You’ll see lots and lots of references toTokenthroughout these articles, and in the humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) documentation! -
Piece,Spine, andRecordare “structural fields,” indicating where each data token is located in the humdrum syntax.
These four fields are just the tip of the iceberg! Humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) datasets will generally
have many more fields—you can see them all listed by using
fields() commands:
fields(example1)
> Name Class Type Selected GroupedBy Complement
> <char> <char> <char> <int> <lgcl> <lgcl>
> 1: Token character Data 1 FALSE FALSE
> 2: Bar integer Formal 0 FALSE FALSE
> 3: BarLabel character Formal 0 FALSE FALSE
> 4: DoubleBar integer Formal 0 FALSE FALSE
> 5: Exclusive character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 6: Key character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 7: Tandem character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 8: TimeSignature character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 9: OTL character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 10: DataRecord integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 11: File integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 12: Filename character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 13: Filepath character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 14: Global logical Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 15: Label character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 16: ParentPath integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 17: Path integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 18: Piece integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 19: Record integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 20: Spine integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 21: Stop integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 22: Type character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> Name Class Type Selected GroupedBy ComplementWe see that there are one fields (columns), and that they are divided into five types of fields:
- Data fields
- Structure fields
- Interpretation fields
- Form fields
- Reference fields
If you want a detailed explanation of what all these fields are, read
the humdrum table documentation,
which you can always get by calling ?humTable.
Selecting fields
What if we want to see some of these other fields? We can use the
select() command to pick which fields we view:
example1 |> select(Token, Spine, Key, Bar)
> Piece Spine Record Token Key Bar
> ###################### vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ######################
> 1 <NA> 1 !!!OTL: Example 1 * <NA>
> 1 1 2 **kern * 0
> 1 1 3 *M4/4 * 0
> 1 1 4 *C: C: 0
> 1 1 5 = C: 1
> 1 1 6 2G C: 1
> 1 1 7 . C: 1
> 1 1 8 2C C: 1
> 1 1 9 == C: 2
> 1 1 10 *- C: 2
> 1 2 2 **kern * 0
> 1 2 3 *M4/4 * 0
> 1 2 4 *C: C: 0
> 1 2 5 = C: 1
> 1 2 6 4g C: 1
> 1 2 7 4f C: 1
> 1 2 8 2e C: 1
> 1 2 9 == C: 2
> 1 2 10 *- C: 2
> ###################### ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ######################
> Piece Spine Record Token Key Bar
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: character
>
> Formal fields:
> *Bar :: integer
>
> Interpretation fields:
> *Key :: character
>
> Structure fields:
> *Spine :: integerWe can also see all fields of a particular type, by specifying one of
the types that the fields() function showed us: for
example, "Data", "Structure", or
"Reference".
example1 |> select('Structure')
> Piece Filename Spine Path Record Stop DataRecord File ***
> ###################### vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ######################
> 1 BasicExample.krn <NA> <NA> 1 <NA> <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 2 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 3 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 4 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 5 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 6 1 1 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 7 1 2 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 8 1 3 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 9 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 10 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 2 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 3 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 4 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 5 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 6 1 1 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 7 1 2 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 8 1 3 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 9 1 <NA> 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 10 1 <NA> 1 ***
> ###################### ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ######################
> Piece Filename Spine Path Record Stop DataRecord File ***
> (***five spines/paths not displayed due to screen size***)
>
> Data fields:
> Token :: character
>
> Structure fields:
> *DataRecord :: integer
> *File :: integer
> *Filename :: character
> *Filepath :: character
> *Global :: logical
> *Label :: character
> *ParentPath :: integer
> *Path :: integer
> *Piece :: integer
> *Record :: integer
> *Spine :: integer
> *Stop :: integer
> *Type :: characterWe can also use tidyverse select shortcuts, for
example, everything():
example1 |> select(everything())
> Piece Filename Spine Path Record Stop ***
> ################ vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ################
> 1 BasicExample.krn <NA> <NA> 1 <NA> ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 2 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 3 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 4 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 5 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 6 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 7 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 8 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 9 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 1 0 10 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 2 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 3 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 4 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 5 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 6 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 7 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 8 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 9 1 ***
> 1 BasicExample.krn 2 0 10 1 ***
> ################ ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ################
> Piece Filename Spine Path Record Stop ***
> (***sixteen
> spines/paths not displayed due to screen size***)
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: character
>
> Formal fields:
> *Bar :: integer
> *BarLabel :: character
> *DoubleBar :: integer
>
> Interpretation fields:
> *Exclusive :: character
> *Key :: character
> *Tandem :: character
> *TimeSignature :: character
>
> Reference fields:
> *OTL :: character
>
> Structure fields:
> *DataRecord :: integer
> *File :: integer
> *Filename :: character
> *Filepath :: character
> *Global :: logical
> *Label :: character
> *ParentPath :: integer
> *Path :: integer
> *Piece :: integer
> *Record :: integer
> *Spine :: integer
> *Stop :: integer
> *Type :: characterIf you call select() with no arguments, the
Token field will be selected. The Token field
is always the starting point of humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) analysis, so it is helpful
to be able to “reset” by going back to Token.
We can also view all of our fields in the default, humdrum view.
humdrumR(view = "humdrum")
example1 |> select(Token, Key)
> ############ vvv BasicExample.krn vvv ############
> 1: !!!OTL: Example 1
> 2: **kern **kern
> 3: *M4/4 *M4/4
> 4: *C:C: *C:C:
> 5: = =
> 6: 2GC: 4gC:
> 7: C: 4fC:
> 8: 2CC: 2eC:
> 9: ==C: ==C:
> 10: *-C: *-C:
> ############ ^^^ BasicExample.krn ^^^ ############
>
> Data fields:
> *Token :: character
>
> Interpretation fields:
> *Key :: characterIn the humdrum view, all the selected fields are pasted together
(from left to right). Don’t worry, the fields are still separate in the
humdrum table, they are just printed this way! Viewing multiple fields
in humdrum syntax view can be quite helpful for a small number of
fields, but not so much if you are looking at more than 2–3 fields. If
you want to look at lots of fields at once set
humdrumR(view = "table").
Accessing fields
Sometimes, we might want to just pull fields out of the humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) data table, turning them
into “plain” R data. The best way to do this is with the
pull() function.
We can also pull fields using the $ operator:
If you want to pull more than once field, use
pull_data.frame():
example1 |> pull_data.frame(Token, Key)
> Token Key
> 1 2G C:
> 2 . C:
> 3 2C C:
> 4 4g C:
> 5 4f C:
> 6 2e C:You get a “normal” R data.frame! (There is also
pull_tibble() and pull_data.table(), if you
prefer those packages.) You could even pull the entire humdrum table if
you really want to work in “normal” R:
example1 |> pull_data.frame(everything())
> Token Bar BarLabel DoubleBar Exclusive Key Tandem TimeSignature OTL
> 1 2G 1 0 kern C: C:,M4/4 M4/4 Example 1
> 2 . 1 0 kern C: C:,M4/4 M4/4 Example 1
> 3 2C 1 0 kern C: C:,M4/4 M4/4 Example 1
> 4 4g 1 0 kern C: C:,M4/4 M4/4 Example 1
> 5 4f 1 0 kern C: C:,M4/4 M4/4 Example 1
> 6 2e 1 0 kern C: C:,M4/4 M4/4 Example 1
> DataRecord File Filename
> 1 1 1 BasicExample.krn
> 2 2 1 BasicExample.krn
> 3 3 1 BasicExample.krn
> 4 1 1 BasicExample.krn
> 5 2 1 BasicExample.krn
> 6 3 1 BasicExample.krn
> Filepath
> 1 /home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpn4KeFS/temp_libpath7af94615c2ed/humdrumR/examples/BasicExample.krn
> 2 /home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpn4KeFS/temp_libpath7af94615c2ed/humdrumR/examples/BasicExample.krn
> 3 /home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpn4KeFS/temp_libpath7af94615c2ed/humdrumR/examples/BasicExample.krn
> 4 /home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpn4KeFS/temp_libpath7af94615c2ed/humdrumR/examples/BasicExample.krn
> 5 /home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpn4KeFS/temp_libpath7af94615c2ed/humdrumR/examples/BasicExample.krn
> 6 /home/nat/.tmp/Rtmpn4KeFS/temp_libpath7af94615c2ed/humdrumR/examples/BasicExample.krn
> Global Label ParentPath Path Piece Record Spine Stop Type
> 1 FALSE _1 0 0 1 6 1 1 D
> 2 FALSE _1 0 0 1 7 1 1 D
> 3 FALSE _1 0 0 1 8 1 1 D
> 4 FALSE _1 0 0 1 6 2 1 D
> 5 FALSE _1 0 0 1 7 2 1 D
> 6 FALSE _1 0 0 1 8 2 1 DWorking with Fields
So we have a bunch of “fields”—how to we work with them? One option
is to “pull” the fields we want out—as explained above in the accessing
fields sections above—and then work with them like any normal R data
structures. However, humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) has a number of useful
features that only available when we keep our data wrapped up in the
humdrumR data object. Instead, we can access and manipulate
our fields directly within the humdrum table.
In the following sections, we’ll use our chorales data
again, as we did in our Getting started with
humdrumR article.
readHumdrum(humdrumRroot, 'HumdrumData/BachChorales/chor0') -> choralesHumdrum style
In our quick start, we showed you the simplest and most intuitive way to manipulate humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) data: simply pipe data directly to any humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) function.
chorales |>
pitch(simple = TRUE)
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **pitch **pitch **pitch **pitch
> 9: . . . .
> 10: . . . .
> 11: . . . .
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: . . . .
> 19: . . . .
> 20: G B D G
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: G B D G
> 23: E C E .
> 24: . B . .
> 25: F# A D D
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: G G D B
> 28: D F# . .
> 29: . . . A
> 30: E G B G
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: D F# D B
> 72: . G . .
> 73: D . C A
> 74: . F# . .
> 75: G G B G
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: C G E G
> 78: A A E C
> 79: E G# E B
> 80: . . D .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: F A C A
> 83: C G C E
> 84: Bb G D G
> 85: A A . F
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: G# B D E
> 88: A A C .
> 89: E G# B .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> *Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: characterWe call this “humdrum style,” because it looks a lot like the way the original humdrum toolkit works.
As we learned in the previous example, there are a bunch of fields in
our chorales object:
fields(chorales)
> Name Class Type Selected GroupedBy Complement
> <char> <char> <char> <int> <lgcl> <lgcl>
> 1: Token character Data 1 FALSE FALSE
> 2: Bar integer Formal 0 FALSE FALSE
> 3: BarLabel character Formal 0 FALSE FALSE
> 4: DoubleBar integer Formal 0 FALSE FALSE
> 5: Formal character Formal 0 FALSE FALSE
> 6: BPM character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 7: Clef character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 8: Exclusive character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 9: Instrument character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 10: InstrumentClass character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 11: Key character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 12: KeySignature character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 13: Mensuration character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 14: Tandem character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 15: TimeSignature character Interpretation 0 FALSE FALSE
> 16: AGN character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 17: CDT character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 18: COM character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 19: EED character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 20: EEV character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 21: OPR character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 22: OTL@@DE character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 23: OTL@EN character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 24: PC# character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 25: SCT character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 26: SMS character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 27: YOR character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 28: hum2abc character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 29: title character Reference 0 FALSE FALSE
> 30: DataRecord integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 31: File integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 32: Filename character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 33: Filepath character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 34: Global logical Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 35: Label character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 36: ParentPath integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 37: Path integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 38: Piece integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 39: Record integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 40: Spine integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 41: Stop integer Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> 42: Type character Structure 0 FALSE FALSE
> Name Class Type Selected GroupedBy ComplementSo when we write something like chorales |> pitch(),
how does the pitch() function know which field to work on?
It is applied to the first selected field, which we
learned about above.
By default, this is the Token field, which is what we
want!
New fields
Notice that, when we run chorales |> pitch(), the
printout tells us there are two data fields: the original
Token and a new Pitch field! That new
Pitch field can be view/accessed/manipulated just like any
other field! Any new field is automatically selected, so you can
continue the pipe:
chorales |>
pitch(simple = TRUE) |>
count()
> humdrumR count distribution
> Pitch n
> C 232
> C# 115
> Db 35
> D 253
> D# 37
> Eb 34
> E 334
> E# 8
> F 121
> F# 182
> Gb 1
> G 237
> G# 109
> Ab 45
> A 318
> A# 11
> Bb 60
> B 297
> Pitch n
> humdrumR count distributionThe pitch() function creates a new Pitch
field, and selects it; the count() function is then applied
to the Pitch field!
When a new field is created, it can immediately by piped to a subsequent command (as we just saw) but it isn’t actually saved in or data object unless we explicitly assign the result to a variable. In many cases we’ll want to assign back to the same variable, like so:
chorales |>
pitch(simple = TRUE) -> choralesWe can now, select, access, or manipulate the new Pitch
field:
chorales$Pitch
> **pitch (character)
> [1] G G E F# G D E C B A G D G F# G A B C D G G G A B
> [25] B A G D E E D C B C D G A B G C G F# G A B G D E
> [49] D C B A G D G G F# E E D C D G B B C B A G F# G C
> [73] B C D D D A B C D E D C B D D C B A B C D D D B
> [97] G B E D D D C D D C B C D D C B C D D D D E E D
> [121] C B D D E D D B E D E F# G F# G D E F# G F# D G G F#
> [145] E F# G G A G F# G F# E E F# G A A G F# G F E G A G F#
> [169] G F# F# E E F# G F# G A G F# G F# D G G D B A G G A B
> [193] A B D C B A G B B C D D C B A G B C D C B G B D
> [217] C B A G A B A B D C B A G A G# F# C# D D# E B E E A
> [241] B C# B A B B E C# F# G# A E C# A D C# D E C# B C# D G F#
> [265] B C# F# E D C# B A B C# D E B F# G# A G# E A A G# F# E D
> [289] E A C# C# C# B A G# F# B A G# E E D# C# B A G# G# A B C# D
> [313] E E D E E E F# B A# B C# D G# A G# F# E E D C# D E F# G#
> [337] F# F# E D C# B C# D E D C# F# B E D C# E F# E F# F# E D# B
> [361] G# A G# F# E E D# B C# B A A G# A G F# G# A G# A# B A G F#
> [385] E F# F# E D C# D E F# G# A E B A G# F# E F# G# A A G# E A
> [409] A A A B G F# E B C# B A G# F# G# F# E E D C# B A A B C#
> [433] B C# D C# B A# B E A B C# D E D C# B D C# B E D C# B A
> [457] B C# B A E A B C B A G# A E B C D E F E D E A F# G
> [481] F# E B A G F# E D C B E F C D E A B C D E A A G# A
> [505] G F E D C# D D# E E E D E D C B C D E F E E D C D
> [529] G# A G# C A G A B B B A B C F# E D C D E E E D C B
> [553] C C B A A Bb A E F# G# G# A G# A G# A B E F# G# G# A G# A
> [577] G F E E D D D# E D# E D# E G F# E D# B A A G# A E E E
> [601] E E E F G F# G# A E B C B A E E D C B D C B A B C
> [625] D C B A A B A G F# E F# G A B G A B C B C B A G# A
> [649] A E C D E D C B E D# B E F# G# A E A D# E F# G# C# F# E
> [673] D# C# B F# B E C# D# E F# B G# E F# B E G# E A B C# E# F# C#
> [697] E B C# D# E B A# B E E F# E D# E A B C# D E D C# B B A
> [721] G# F# F# B A# F# G# C# F# F# F# B A# D# E B E E C# D C# C# B B
> [745] E E D# B F# G# G# F# G# A G# F# E A G# E F# E E D# E C# F# E
> [769] D# E D# E F# G# A# B A# B B F# F# G# E F# G# A E F# G# F# E# E
> [793] D# C# B B C# B B B B B B D C# B A B G# E F# G# A# B C# B
> [817] B E D# C# D# E D# C# B B E B C# G# A B A G# G# F# A G# F# C#
> [841] D# E G C D E F# G A D G F# G F# E B C D G G F# E D E
> [865] F# G D G C G F E D C B C D E A D G A B C F# G# A A
> [889] E G# A B C A F E D E E A A B C# D C# D A D B E D G
> [913] F# E B A G C B A D C D G B C B A E A B C E D D D
> [937] D G A B G E A B C B B A D G A A G G F# G G G G G
> [961] G G A B A A G G D C B A E E E E D C B A A G# A B
> [985] G# A G# A E F# G D C Bb A A G F# F# G D D E D E D C D
> [1009] E D C B G G F# G F# E G G F# G A G G G G G F# D D D
> [1033] E F# E E D D C B E D E F E F# G F# G A F# D G G A B
> [1057] B G# A G# B A E C D E F E D C A D E F E D E E D D
> [1081] C# D D C B A G F# G G F# G G G G F# D D E D C B C D
> [1105] C B C B A B C D C B A G A G G A B C B A B A G G
> [1129] A B C D E B C# D B C D E D C B C B E E E A D C B
> [1153] A C B A G A G F E D D G A B C D C B A B C A G F
> [1177] F E Eb D C D E C F Bb A G F A C F A B C D F A G F
> [1201] D G C F G A Bb C F A C C C D G C C Bb C D Bb C C C
> [1225] F F E E D C C B E C Bb C D C Bb A C F G F F E F G
> [1249] E F F F E F E F A A G G C Bb A A A G G F F E F F
> [1273] E C F A G A Bb C A D C Bb A G A C D E F E D C A Bb
> [1297] A G G F A F# C# D D C# D E A A E# C# F# E D C# D E A A
> [1321] D A G# F# E# F# B C# F# D# E D C# A B E C# F# E F# G# F# E A
> [1345] A D C# B B A G F# E F# G F# B E A G# F# B A G C# D A D#
> [1369] E A B E C# F# E B C# D D# E E# F# G# A E F# D E E A C# C#
> [1393] C# A G# A G# A C# C# B A E E F# E C# C# D E E# F# G# C# D C#
> [1417] A A G# A B C# B A G# G# A D B E E D E F# B E D C# B A#
> [1441] B G# A A B B B A G F# A F# B C# B A G# G# A B B A G# D
> [1465] A G# C# F# E E E D C# F# E D C# E F# E D C# B E F# E E E
> [1489] F# G# E# F# G# A G# E E F# G# A B A G# F# E# C# F# E E E D# B
> [1513] C# C# F# E F# G# A G F# A B B A G A B E D# E E F# F# G G
> [1537] F# E D E F# E E D# B C# C# D# E D# E F# G# A E G# A B A G#
> [1561] A A G# E A A G# F# E A B C# C# C# B C# C# B A B A A A B
> [1585] C# B C# A G# F# B B A G# A F# E E A A B B C# B C# A A D
> [1609] D C# B C# B B C# C# D D E A C# B A G# A F# E E A G# F# E
> [1633] B C# B C# D C# B A G# A B C# B A F Eb Db C Bb C F F F Eb
> [1657] Db C Bb Ab Db Eb Ab Db C Bb C Db Bb C F F G A F Bb C Db Bb Eb
> [1681] F G Eb Ab Ab Db Eb F Db Bb C Db Bb Eb C F Bb Bb Ab G F Bb C F
> [1705] F G Ab Bb C D Eb F G G C C F Eb Db C Bb C Db Eb Eb Ab Ab Db
> [1729] Eb Db C Bb C Db Bb Eb F Eb Db C Db Eb C F E F G Ab G Ab Bb C
> [1753] C F F Ab A Bb C Db C Bb Ab Ab C Bb Eb Eb F Eb Db C Db Db G F
> [1777] Ab Db C Bb Ab A Bb C A Bb Bb Bb Eb Eb Eb Db Db F F Gb F Eb Db C
> [1801] C Bb C Db C Bb Ab C C C C C B C G A A Bb Eb Eb Db C C Db
> [1825] Db F F Eb Eb G G F F C F C C C C F F F E F F G E F
> [1849] C F G Ab Ab Ab F G Eb F G E F F E C F F F F G Ab Bb G
> [1873] Ab Ab F F Bb Bb Bb A F E F F E F F E C Ab Ab G G G Ab G
> [1897] F E E F F F G Ab Ab F G Eb Eb F F Bb Bb G G C C Ab G Ab
> [1921] Bb C Bb Ab G G A A C C Bb Ab G F F F Ab Bb C C Bb Ab Ab Ab
> [1945] Bb Bb Ab G F F C C Db Db Bb Bb C C Ab Ab Db Db C C Bb G Ab Bb
> [1969] Ab G G F F F Eb Eb D D C C C C Db C Bb Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Db Db
> [1993] Bb Bb Eb Eb C C F F E E F F G F# E D G F# G A A D D# E
> [2017] F# G C C B A G D D G D D C B A D# E E A E F# G G# A
> [2041] A# B B E D C B A G F# E F# G E C# B C# A D B C D E F#
> [2065] G C D G B B C C D B A A A A A B A G A B C D D D
> [2089] C B D E F# E D E F# B E D C G A B C D E C C# B B B
> [2113] D D G G A B E D E C# D D D C C B B A G G F# E F# C
> [2137] B D E F# D E F# E F# G F# F# E D E F# G G F# D F# G A G#
> [2161] A G# A A G# E E D# E E E F# G F# F# G A G A G A B B A
> [2185] A G G F# G F# E F# G A D E D D G G A B C# D D C# D B
> [2209] C B A B A G A A B C C B A B A B B B C D E E D# E
> [2233] F# G B C B A A D E D C B C A G D C B A B C B A E
> [2257] E A G F E F C D E C B A G F E D E A A E D C B C
> [2281] D D G C A E F C Bb A G# A E G# A D E D E D C B E E
> [2305] F G C C B A G# A B C D D E F B C E E E D C F# G F#
> [2329] G G A G# A G G A B A G# E E G# A G F# E F# G# G# A B C
> [2353] F E D C B E D E F# G A B A G# E A G G G F E D C B
> [2377] E E E D C C D D C B B E B C B A G A B B C D C B
> [2401] A G F E A G C B A D C B A C B C D G B A G G C B
> [2425] A E G F E
> attr(,"visible")
> [1] TRUE
chorales |> select(Pitch, Token, Key) |> print(view = "table")
> Piece Spine Record Pitch Token Key
> ####################### vvv chor001.krn vvv ########################
> 1 <NA> 1 !!!!!COM: Bach, J...nn *
> 1 <NA> 2 !!!!!CDT: 1685/02.../- *
> 1 <NA> 3 !!!!!OTL@@DE: Aus...in *
> 1 <NA> 4 !!!!!OTL@EN: ...om *
> 1 <NA> 5 !! !!!SCT: BWV 269 *
> 1 <NA> 6 !! !!!PC#: 1 *
> 1 <NA> 7 !! !!!AGN: chorale *
> 1 <NA> 125 !! !!!hum2abc: -Q '' *
> 1 <NA> 126 !!!!!title: @{PC#...@{ *
> 1 <NA> 127 !!!!!YOR1: 371 vi...ti *
> 1 <NA> 128 !!!!!YOR2: 4th ed...y *
> 1 <NA> 129 !!!!!YOR3: c.1875...17 *
> 1 <NA> 130 !!!!!YOR4: Choral...(N *
> 1 <NA> 131 !!!!!SMS: B&H, 4t...d, *
> 1 <NA> 132 !!!!!EED: Craig ...ar *
> 1 <NA> 133 !! !!!EEV: 2009/05/22 *
> 1 1 8 ** **kern *
> 1 1 9 * *ICvox *
> 1 1 10 * *Ibass *
> 1 1 11 * *I"Bass *
> 1 1 12 * *>[A,A,B] *
> 1 1 13 * *>norep[A,B] *
> 1 1 14 * *>A *
> 1 1 15 * *clefF4 *
> 1 1 16 * *k[f#] *
> 1 1 17 * *G: G:
> 1 1 18 * *M3/4 G:
> 1 1 19 * *MM100 G:
> 1 1 20 G 4GG G:
> 1 1 21 = =1 G:
> ####################### ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ ########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ####################### vvv chor010.krn vvv ########################
> 10 4 62 C 2cc a:
> 10 4 63 = =9 a:
> 10 4 64 B 4b a:
> 10 4 65 C 4cc a:
> 10 4 66 . . a:
> 10 4 67 D 4dd a:
> 10 4 68 . . a:
> 10 4 69 G 4g a:
> 10 4 70 = =10 a:
> 10 4 71 B 4b a:
> 10 4 72 . . a:
> 10 4 73 A 4a a:
> 10 4 74 . . a:
> 10 4 75 G 2g; a:
> 10 4 76 = =11 a:
> 10 4 77 G 2g a:
> 10 4 78 C 4cc a:
> 10 4 79 B 4b a:
> 10 4 80 . . a:
> 10 4 81 = =12 a:
> 10 4 82 A 4a a:
> 10 4 83 E 4e a:
> 10 4 84 G 4g a:
> 10 4 85 F 4f a:
> 10 4 86 = =13 a:
> 10 4 87 E 1e; a:
> 10 4 88 . . a:
> 10 4 89 . . a:
> 10 4 90 = == a:
> 10 4 91 * *- a:
> ####################### ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ ########################
> Piece Spine Record Pitch Token Key
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> *Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> *Token :: character
>
> Interpretation fields:
> *Key :: character
chorales |> select(Pitch)
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **pitch **pitch **pitch **pitch
> 9: . . . .
> 10: . . . .
> 11: . . . .
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: . . . .
> 19: . . . .
> 20: G B D G
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: G B D G
> 23: E C E .
> 24: . B . .
> 25: F# A D D
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: G G D B
> 28: D F# . .
> 29: . . . A
> 30: E G B G
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: D F# D B
> 72: . G . .
> 73: D . C A
> 74: . F# . .
> 75: G G B G
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: C G E G
> 78: A A E C
> 79: E G# E B
> 80: . . D .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: F A C A
> 83: C G C E
> 84: Bb G D G
> 85: A A . F
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: G# B D E
> 88: A A C .
> 89: E G# B .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> *Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: characterAnother new field
So we added a Pitch field to our chorales
data—what if we also wanted a rhythm field? Be careful! After our last
command, the Pitch field is currently selected. If we apply
a rhythm function now, it
won’t work because the Pitch field has no rhythm
information in it. We need to “reset” by selecting the
Token field again.
chorales |>
select() |> # this will select Token!
duration() -> chorales
chorales
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **duration **duration **duration **duration
> 9: . . . .
> 10: . . . .
> 11: . . . .
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: . . . .
> 16: . . . .
> 17: . . . .
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.5
> 23: 0.25 0.125 0.25 .
> 24: . 0.125 . .
> 25: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.375
> 28: 0.25 0.25 . .
> 29: . . . 0.125
> 30: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: 0.25 0.125 0.25 0.25
> 72: . 0.25 . .
> 73: 0.25 . 0.25 0.25
> 74: . 0.125 . .
> 75: 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
> 78: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
> 79: 0.25 0.25 0.125 0.25
> 80: . . 0.125 .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
> 83: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
> 84: 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.25
> 85: 0.25 0.25 . 0.25
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: 0.25 0.25 0.25 1
> 88: 0.25 0.25 0.25 .
> 89: 0.5 0.5 0.5 .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> *Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: characterOnce you start creating many fields, it can be easy to lose track of which field is selected, which can lead to common errors!
Multiple fields
Once we get to have more than one field to work with, it gets garder
to use the “humdrum style.” Most humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) function wills only pipe
the first selected field, so it doesn’t matter if you select
multiple fields. However, the count() function can accept
multiple fields. Now that we’ve created a Pitch
and Duration fields, we can do stuff like:
chorales |>
select(Pitch, Duration) |>
count()
> humdrumR count distribution
> Pitch Duration
> 0.0625 0.125 0.1875 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.75 1
> NA . . . 4 . . . .
> C 2 78 1 137 1 12 1 .
> C# 2 21 . 77 1 12 2 .
> Db . 14 . 20 . 1 . .
> D 3 81 . 132 2 32 3 .
> D# 1 10 . 23 . 3 . .
> Eb . 13 . 19 1 1 . .
> E 3 92 . 200 2 33 3 1
> E# . . . 7 . 1 . .
> F . 31 . 78 3 7 2 .
> F# 1 69 . 89 1 21 1 .
> Gb . . . 1 . . . .
> G . 74 . 142 5 14 2 .
> G# . 31 . 67 . 11 . .
> Ab . 13 . 27 1 4 . .
> A 1 82 . 188 2 42 3 .
> A# . 4 . 7 . . . .
> Bb 2 20 . 34 2 2 . .
> B 2 73 . 185 7 26 4 .
> 0.0625 0.125 0.1875 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.75 1
> Pitch Duration
> humdrumR count distributionTidyverse style
The “humdrum style” from the previous section is a wonderful place to
start, but it has a few limitations. The main one is it only
works with humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)
functions. If you try to use base-R function like
chorales |> mean() or a tidyverse function like
chorales |> map(), you’ll get an error. What’s more, the
humdrum style is limited in the complexity of commands you can
execute.
To get beyond these limitations, we can instead use functions
(“verbs”) from the tidyverse dplyr package: mutate(),
summarize(), and reframe(). In a call to these
functions, you can freely and access and manipulate any field of your
humdrumR data. For example:
What happened here?
- The call
mint(Token, simple = TRUE)is evaluated, using theTokenfield from “inside” thechoralesdata object. - The resulting data (melodic intervals) is put into a new
field, which it calls
mint(Token).
Of course, mint() is a humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) function, so we could do
this simple command without using mutate(), by calling
chorales |> mint() in “humdrum style.” However, by using
mutate() we can do a few nifty things. For one, we can
execute more complex commands involving any of our fields:
chorales |>
mutate(ifelse(Duration > (1/8),
mint(Token),
"NA"))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: . . . .
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: . . . .
> 23: . NA . .
> 24: . NA . .
> 25: . . . .
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: . . . .
> 28: . . . .
> 29: . . . NA
> 30: . . . .
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: . NA . .
> 72: . . . .
> 73: . . . .
> 74: . NA . .
> 75: . . . .
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: . . . .
> 78: . . . .
> 79: . . NA .
> 80: . . NA .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: . . . .
> 83: . . . .
> 84: . . . .
> 85: . . . .
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: . . . .
> 88: . . . .
> 89: . . . .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: character
> *ifelse(Duration > (1/8), humdrumR:::mint(Token), "NA") :: characterWe can use non-humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) functions, like
gsub(), nchar(), or mean():
chorales |>
mutate(gsub('-', 'b', Token))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: 4GG 4B 4d 4g
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: 4G 4B 4d 2g
> 23: 4E 8cL 4e .
> 24: . 8BJ . .
> 25: 4F# 4A 4d 4dd
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: 4G 4G 2d 4.b
> 28: 4D 4F# . .
> 29: . . . 8a
> 30: 4E 4G 4B 4g
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: 4D 8F# 4d 4b
> 72: . 4G . .
> 73: 4D . 4c 4a
> 74: . 8F# . .
> 75: 2GG; 2G; 2B; 2g;
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: 2C 2G 2e 2g
> 78: 4AA 4A 4e 4cc
> 79: 4E 4G# 8eL 4b
> 80: . . 8dJ .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: 4F 4A 4c 4a
> 83: 4C 4G 4c 4e
> 84: 4BBb 4G [2d 4g
> 85: 4AA 4A . 4f
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: 4GG# 4B 4d] 1e;
> 88: 4AA 4A 4c .
> 89: 2EE; 2G#X; 2B; .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: character
> *gsub("-", "b", Token) :: character
chorales |>
summarize(Token |> nchar() |> mean())
> humdrumR:::mean(nchar(Token))
> <num>
> 1: 2.852857We can choose the names for our new field(s):
chorales |>
mutate(MelodicIntervals = ifelse(Duration > (1/8),
mint(Token),
"NA"))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: . . . .
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: . . . .
> 23: . NA . .
> 24: . NA . .
> 25: . . . .
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: . . . .
> 28: . . . .
> 29: . . . NA
> 30: . . . .
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: . NA . .
> 72: . . . .
> 73: . . . .
> 74: . NA . .
> 75: . . . .
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: . . . .
> 78: . . . .
> 79: . . NA .
> 80: . . NA .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: . . . .
> 83: . . . .
> 84: . . . .
> 85: . . . .
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: . . . .
> 88: . . . .
> 89: . . . .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> *MelodicIntervals :: character
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: characterWe can make more than one field at once:
chorales |>
mutate(MelodicIntervals = ifelse(Duration > (1/8),
mint(Token),
"NA"),
MetricPosition = metsubpos(Token))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: ****duration ****duration ****duration ****duration
> 9: . . . .
> 10: . . . .
> 11: . . . .
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: . . . .
> 16: . . . .
> 17: . . . .
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: . . . .
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: . . . .
> 23: . NA . .
> 24: . NA . .
> 25: . . . .
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: . . . .
> 28: . . . .
> 29: . . . NA
> 30: . . . .
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: . NA . .
> 72: . . . .
> 73: . . . .
> 74: . NA . .
> 75: . . . .
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: . . . .
> 78: . . . .
> 79: . . NA .
> 80: . . NA .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: . . . .
> 83: . . . .
> 84: . . . .
> 85: . . . .
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: . . . .
> 88: . . . .
> 89: . . . .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> *MelodicIntervals :: character
> *MetricPosition :: integer (**duration tokens)
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: characterBase-R style (With and Within)
In addition to the tidyverse “verbs” mutate() and
summarize(), humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) also defines methods of the
base-R functions with and within(). These
functions work a lot like mutate() and
summarize(), but are more flexible (see ?withHumdrum for details).
The with() function is particularly useful, as using it is
basically like going mutate() |> pull() in one step. You
will see with() and within() used in many
articles!
Why work within the humdrumR table?
You might be wondering, especially if you already a strong R user, why not just pull the data fields out of the humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) data and use “normal” base-R, or perhaps tidyverse functions. You certainly can do that! However, humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) offers a number of special features that make it particularly useful for musicological analysis of humdrum data.
Humdrum syntax
An obvious example, is that as long as your data is in humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) data object, you have the option of viewing the data in its humdrum-syntax form. This allows you to “see” where things are happening in the original data/score, which maintains a transparency that affords good research. You can also generate new humdrum syntax data, and write it to new humdrum-syntax files.
Isolating data tokens
By default, Humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)
commands only operate on humdrum data tokens, ignoring bar
lines, intepretations, and null data tokens. You can override this by
providing a dataTypes argument to most humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) functions. For example,
compare these two commands:
chorales |>
mutate(Nchar = nchar(Token))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: 3 2 2 2
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: 2 2 2 2
> 23: 2 3 2 .
> 24: . 3 . .
> 25: 3 2 2 3
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: 2 2 2 3
> 28: 2 3 . .
> 29: . . . 2
> 30: 2 2 2 2
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: 2 3 2 2
> 72: . 2 . .
> 73: 2 . 2 2
> 74: . 3 . .
> 75: 4 3 3 3
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: 2 2 2 2
> 78: 3 2 2 3
> 79: 2 3 3 2
> 80: . . 3 .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: 2 2 2 2
> 83: 2 2 2 2
> 84: 4 2 3 2
> 85: 3 2 . 2
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: 4 2 3 3
> 88: 3 2 2 .
> 89: 4 5 3 .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> *Nchar :: integer
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: character
chorales |>
mutate(Nchar = nchar(Token), dataTypes= 'GLIMDd')
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: 30
> 2: 31
> 3: 37
> 4: 43
> 5: 15
> 6: 9
> 7: 15
> 8: 6 6 6 6
> 9: 6 6 6 6
> 10: 6 7 6 7
> 11: 7 8 7 10
> 12: 9 9 9 9
> 13: 12 12 12 12
> 14: 3 3 3 3
> 15: 7 8 7 7
> 16: 6 6 6 6
> 17: 3 3 3 3
> 18: 5 5 5 5
> 19: 6 6 6 6
> 20: 3 2 2 2
> 21: 2 2 2 2
> 22: 2 2 2 2
> 23: 2 3 2 1
> 24: 1 3 1 1
> 25: 3 2 2 3
> 26: 2 2 2 2
> 27: 2 2 2 3
> 28: 2 3 1 1
> 29: 1 1 1 2
> 30: 2 2 2 2
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: 2 3 2 2
> 72: 1 2 1 1
> 73: 2 1 2 2
> 74: 1 3 1 1
> 75: 4 3 3 3
> 76: 3 3 3 3
> 77: 2 2 2 2
> 78: 3 2 2 3
> 79: 2 3 3 2
> 80: 1 1 3 1
> 81: 3 3 3 3
> 82: 2 2 2 2
> 83: 2 2 2 2
> 84: 4 2 3 2
> 85: 3 2 1 2
> 86: 3 3 3 3
> 87: 4 2 3 3
> 88: 3 2 2 1
> 89: 4 5 3 1
> 90: 2 2 2 2
> 91: 2 2 2 2
> 92: 17
> 93: 28
> 94: 72
> 95: 77
> 96: 77
> 97: 72
> 98: 62
> 99: 26
> 100: 19
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> *Nchar :: integer
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: characterIf you pull your data out of humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\), you’ll have to manually manage what data types you want to work with yourself.
Automatic field arguments
For some functions, humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) will automatically pass
specific fields as arguments to functions you call. For example,
humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) pitch functions like
solfa() (solfege) need to key information to get you the
information you want. Many humdrum data sets will have a
Key field, which is automatically created if you read data
files containing key interpretations, like G*:.
Humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) unless you
explicitly override it with a different Key argument,
humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) will
automatically pass the Key argument to pitch functions.
Thus:
identical(chorales |> mutate(Solfa = solfa(Token)),
chorales |> mutate(Solfa = solfa(Token, Key = Key)))
> [1] TRUEMany humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)
functions are automatically passed the Exclusive field, to
help them decide how to parse data. Other examples of “automatic
arguments” include functions like metlev(), which is
automatically called as metlev(meter = TimeSignature) if a
TimeSignature field is defined. Function documentation will
always tell you about any automatic arguments: for example, see
?solfa or ?metlev.
Automatic musical boundaries
A special case of “automatic arguments” (see previous section) is
“lagged” functions, like mint(), ditto(), and
lag(). These functions work by shifting of “lagging” the
contents of a field. The groupby argument is used to make
data is shifted across inappropriate boundaries in the music/data. For
example, we don’t want the first note from the second spine of data to
be shifted into the last note of the first spine. What his all means
that the following commands will all, automatically, respect logical
(melodic) grouping boundaries in the data:
chorales |> mutate(ditto(Token))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: 4GG 4B 4d 4g
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: 4G 4B 4d 2g
> 23: 4E 8cL 4e .
> 24: . 8BJ . .
> 25: 4F# 4A 4d 4dd
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: 4G 4G 2d 4.b
> 28: 4D 4F# . .
> 29: . . . 8a
> 30: 4E 4G 4B 4g
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: 4D 8F# 4d 4b
> 72: . 4G . .
> 73: 4D . 4c 4a
> 74: . 8F# . .
> 75: 2GG; 2G; 2B; 2g;
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: 2C 2G 2e 2g
> 78: 4AA 4A 4e 4cc
> 79: 4E 4G# 8eL 4b
> 80: . . 8dJ .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: 4F 4A 4c 4a
> 83: 4C 4G 4c 4e
> 84: 4BB- 4G [2d 4g
> 85: 4AA 4A . 4f
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: 4GG# 4B 4d] 1e;
> 88: 4AA 4A 4c .
> 89: 2EE; 2G#X; 2B; .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: character
> *humdrumR:::ditto(Token) :: character
chorales |> mutate(lag(Token))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: . . . .
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: 4GG 4B 4d 4g
> 23: 4G 4B 4d .
> 24: . 8cL . .
> 25: 4E 8BJ 4e 2g
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: 4F# 4A 4d 4dd
> 28: 4G 4G . .
> 29: . . . 4.b
> 30: 4D 4F# 2d 8a
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: 4C 4c 4e 4g
> 72: . 8F# . .
> 73: 4D . 4d 4b
> 74: . 4G . .
> 75: 4D 8F# 4c 4a
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: 2GG; 2G; 2B; 2g;
> 78: 2C 2G 2e 2g
> 79: 4AA 4A 4e 4cc
> 80: . . 8eL .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: 4E 4G# 8dJ 4b
> 83: 4F 4A 4c 4a
> 84: 4C 4G 4c 4e
> 85: 4BB- 4G . 4g
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: 4AA 4A [2d 4f
> 88: 4GG# 4B 4d] .
> 89: 4AA 4A 4c .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: character
> *humdrumR:::lag(Token) :: characterSpecial syntactic “sugar”
Humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) also
provides some additional “syntatic” sugar features. The simplest example
is the . variable, which will be automatically replaced
with first selected field when using tidyverse-style function. This is
helpful when in pipes where you might lose track of what the selected
field is called. For example, in the command
chorales |>
select(Token) |>
mutate(lilypond(., simple = TRUE, generic = TRUE)) |>
mutate(ifelse(. == 'e', 'X', Token))
> ######################## vvv chor001.krn vvv #########################
> 1: !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian
> 2: !!!CDT: 1685/02/21/-1750/07/28/
> 3: !!!OTL@@DE: Aus meines Herzens Grunde
> 4: !!!OTL@EN: From the Depths of My Heart
> 5: !!!SCT: BWV 269
> 6: !!!PC#: 1
> 7: !!!AGN: chorale
> 8: **kern **kern **kern **kern
> 9: *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox *ICvox
> 10: *Ibass *Itenor *Ialto *Isoprn
> 11: *I"Bass *I"Tenor *I"Alto *I"Soprano
> 12: *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B] *>[A,A,B]
> 13: *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B] *>norep[A,B]
> 14: *>A *>A *>A *>A
> 15: *clefF4 *clefGv2 *clefG2 *clefG2
> 16: *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#] *k[f#]
> 17: *G: *G: *G: *G:
> 18: *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4 *M3/4
> 19: *MM100 *MM100 *MM100 *MM100
> 20: 4GG 4B 4d 4g
> 21: =1 =1 =1 =1
> 22: 4G 4B 4d 2g
> 23: X 8cL X .
> 24: . 8BJ . .
> 25: 4F# 4A 4d 4dd
> 26: =2 =2 =2 =2
> 27: 4G 4G 2d 4.b
> 28: 4D 4F# . .
> 29: . . . 8a
> 30: X 4G 4B 4g
> 31-133::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> ######################## ^^^ chor001.krn ^^^ #########################
>
> (eight more pieces...)
>
> ######################## vvv chor010.krn vvv #########################
> 1-70::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
> 71: 4D 8F# 4d 4b
> 72: . 4G . .
> 73: 4D . 4c 4a
> 74: . 8F# . .
> 75: 2GG; 2G; 2B; 2g;
> 76: =11 =11 =11 =11
> 77: 2C 2G X 2g
> 78: 4AA 4A X 4cc
> 79: X 4G# X 4b
> 80: . . 8dJ .
> 81: =12 =12 =12 =12
> 82: 4F 4A 4c 4a
> 83: 4C 4G 4c X
> 84: 4BB- 4G [2d 4g
> 85: 4AA 4A . 4f
> 86: =13 =13 =13 =13
> 87: 4GG# 4B 4d] X
> 88: 4AA 4A 4c .
> 89: X 2G#X; 2B; .
> 90: == == == ==
> 91: *- *- *- *-
> 92: !!!hum2abc: -Q ''
> 93: !!!title: @{PC#}. @{OTL@@DE}
> 94: !!!YOR1: 371 vierstimmige Choralgesänge von Johann Sebastian B***
> 95: !!!YOR2: 4th ed. by Alfred Dörffel (Leipzig: Breitkopf und H&a***
> 96: !!!YOR2: c.1875). 178 pp. Plate "V.A.10". reprint: J.S. Bach, 371 ***
> 97: !!!YOR4: Chorales (New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc., c.1***
> 98: !!!SMS: B&H, 4th ed, Alfred Dörffel, c.1875, plate V.A.10
> 99: !!!EED: Craig Stuart Sapp
> 100: !!!EEV: 2009/05/22
> ######################## ^^^ chor010.krn ^^^ #########################
> (***four global comments truncated due to screen size***)
>
> humdrumR corpus of ten pieces.
>
> Data fields:
> Duration :: numeric (**duration tokens)
> Pitch :: character (**pitch tokens)
> Token :: character
> humdrumR:::lilypond(., simple = TRUE, generic = TRUE) :: character (**lilypond tokens)
> *ifelse(. == "e", "X", Token) :: characterthe first mutate() call creates a field called
lilypond(Token, simple = TRUE, generic = TRUE), but we
don’t have to type this out: we can just type ..
All of humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\)’s syntactic tricks are fully explained elsewhere, including in the ?withinHumdrum documentation.
What’s next?
Once you get the hang of our humdrum- and tidyverse- style manipulation of humdrum data fields, you’ll want to read about some of the important, advanced features humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) offers. When you are ready, you can continue learning about other features humdrum\(_{\mathbb{R}}\) provides for manipulating and analyzing humdrum data: